Cure of the Streets - 757 Words

The poet Rainer Maria Rilke says that a work of art is good if it has sprung from necessity† (Farley). Hip Hop was born on the poor and dangerous streets of the USA. Minorities such as African-Americans and Hispanics dominated these streets, and they felt the need to address their long-standing common issues. Therefore, a new form of art, hip hop was born, and became the method of self-expression for these minorities. Lyrics have presented what they have been through. While rap has turned from a tool of self-expression to a multi-billion dollar industry, it has continued to constructively affect the social and economic structure of the society. While serving as a good alternative to the streets, hip hop positively uplifts the cultural barriers within the society and educates the youth. In order to better understand the necessity and the influence of hip hop, the history of how and where this music emerged is highly important. In the 1970s, Hip hop was born in the â€Å"immensely impoverished, crime-ridden, drug-infested streets of the Bronx†, which were often called â€Å"America’s worst slum† or â€Å"the epitome of urban failure† (Price 4). Emmett Price III, the writer of Hip Hop Culture, says that the â€Å"ostracized, marginalized, and oppressed† youth started hip hop as â€Å"a liberation movement†, and they aimed to combat against â€Å"issues of racial prejudice, cultural persecution, and social, economic, and political disparities† (Price 1). From the 1970s to the 1990s, hip hop had increasedShow MoreRelatedCure of the Streets540 Words   |  2 Pageswere facing were the same. These problems were â€Å"a lack of access to justice, health care, voting rights, employment, and other everyday privileges of cit izenship† (Price 2). Having come out of this environment, while serving as an alternative to the streets, hip hop positively uplifts the cultural barriers within the society and educates the youth. This paper argues this important topic, because in contrast to the common belief that rap is harmful to the society, it has many benefits to our youth, andRead MoreThe Violence Throughout American Culture858 Words   |  4 Pagesthe model of Cure Violence. UIC’s epidemiologist Gary Slutkin established the non-profit organization. His approach was to stop the spread of violence in communities with high levels of violent behavior. His methods and strategies are based with disease control-detecting conflicts, identifying high risk in areas, treating high risk in individuals, and changing the social norms of a community. This model has become popular and is being used in various places other than Chicago. The Cure Violence modelRead MoreThe Problem Of Homeless People1278 Words à ‚  |  6 Pagestreat someone with disrespect for. Even if a person is homeless and it is there fault, they still deserve respect and help to get them on their feet, no one has any idea of what they could turn out to be. They could turn out to be the one to find a cure for cancer. Who knows! â€Å"In 2015, we do not have a homeless crisis. We have a housing crisis. Los Angeles County needs 527,722 additional affordable rental units to meet the housing needs of the many homeless, it’s the big cities the bigs states thatRead MoreEssay on Street Smarts versus Book Smarts706 Words   |  3 Pagespaying job, you need both â€Å"street smarts† and â€Å"book smarts.† The combination of practical knowledge and explicit knowledge is the key to a successful career. Both types of knowledge have distinct advantages. They have both used their experiences in life to achieve their goals. For example, if a street smart mart person had a severe cough they would ask friends, family about how they could make the cough better. Book smart person would check or search internet to find the cure. They are both determineRead MoreThe Plague Of Bubonic Plague1714 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Some victims reportedly went to bed healthy and died in their sleep† (Gale). This terrible epidemic is known all over the world for it’s deadly and unique characteristics. The diffusion, history, and cure are just a couple universal aspects that contribute to the well known, yet unforgiving disease known as the Bubonic Plague. The Bubonic Plague diffused to many people during its time of dominance. To start, the Bubonic Plague is transmitted to other living organisms in a distinct way. The plagueRead MoreLu Xun’s Medicine Essay examples823 Words   |  4 Pagestuberculosis. In the story you can tell that his family tries everything to cure him, they event tried the â€Å"guarantied cure† which is a mantou (roll) that is covered with the blood that was from someone how has been executed. Little bolt ate the mantou (roll), but it seemed like it had no effect on him but his parents still had high hopes, eventually he ended up dyeing from tuberculosis. I believe that the mantou (roll) didn’t cure Little Bolt because the blood on the mantou (roll) was from a boy whoRead MoreWas Public Health Better in the Roman Era or the Middle Ages?613 Words   |  3 Pagesplanned and built than those in the Middle Ages, which often placed wells and sources of drinking and bathing water in close proximity to cesspits and sewers, which led to infected water and cholera and typhoid outbreaks. Furthermore, many Medieval streets were filled with filth, such as animal carcasses, human and animal excrement, waste from butchers and tanners, and many more sources of disease, as bacteria could grow freely and infect people very easily. As well as this, there were also very poorRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Medical Marijuana1128 Words   |  5 Pagesheroin, cocaine, and meth is consi dered and tested to be the least dangerous of all those drugs. Marijuana is also a nonaddictive drug and nonlethal meaning no matter how much THC you put in your body you will never overdose. We can band a drug that cures medical problems, no overdoses and is nonaddictive, but continue to advertise alcohol that kills 6 Americans daily from alcohol poisoning. Continue to have commercials on cigarettes that have on average 480,000 deaths per year. Also, cigarettesRead MoreRyan Hoffm A College Football Player Essay926 Words   |  4 Pageslose the ability to have strong thinking skills. By losing the ability of having strong thinking skills, Hoffman lost his dream of becoming a N.F.L player. He became aggressive and lost self-control, which caused him to him to eventually live on the streets. His family took him to several psychologists, but he never went back after the first visit because he did not want to find out the truth about his illness. Ryan Hoffman wants to be independent and improve his lifestyle, but he does not have the initiativeRead MoreThe Problem Of Gangs And Violence995 Words   |  4 Pageslaunched a ‘cure violence’ program to help prevent the violence, and this program is managed by the Chicago Project. The social problem this community intervention is trying to remedy is to lower down the cases of shooting and killings on the streets. As it could be challenging to cha nge the individuals’ behaviors within a short period of time, this program focuses on developing protecting services towards the population that may have an immediate danger within the near future. The Cure violence paid

Strategic Plan For Strategic Marketing Plan Essay

2. Introduction to Strategic marketing plan means consciously choosing to be clear about TCC direction in relation to what’s happening in the dynamic environment. With this knowledge, you’re in a much better position to respond proactively to the changing environment. Strategic plan is the formalized roadmap that describes how TCC executes the chosen strategy for membership base. A plan spells out where an organization is going over the next year or more and how it’s going to get there in order to increase the memberships. Typically, the plan is organization-wide or focused on a major function such as a division or a department. A strategic plan is a management tool that serves the purpose of helping an organization does a better job; business requires forums to gather opinions of business, networking meetings and regular event. 2.1 Market development TCC can grow by leveraging the product knowledge to reach membership for Small businesses. More than likely have spent time and money developing product and service offering. Regular surveys assuming you’re happy with your current offering, extending it into new markets is a logical next step. This is aptly called a market development strategy. Identified potential new markets as opportunities; use these strategies to reach them. Here are some quick considerations to make before executing a market development strategy covers the two types of market development strategies. 2.1.1 Defining Primary Target MarketShow MoreRelatedStrategic Marketing Plan3242 Words   |  13 PagesStrategy Marketing Plan As Seen On Screen (ASOS) Table of Contents Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Case Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Statement of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Product Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Communicating their Identity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Competitor Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Positioning Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 ASOS customer population by age groups†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Read MoreThe Necessity of a Strategic Marketing Plan842 Words   |  3 Pages1. Marketing Knowledge: You have put together some instructional videos that you think would be great for use in the classroom, although you have never been a teacher nor worked in a school. Your goal is to become a leading vendor for educational videos, so you attend some educational conferences, hoping to interest teachers and schools in your products. What are some of the questions you need answered in order to successfully market your products? What do you need to know about your market? AtRead MoreToyotas Strategic Marketing Plan3941 Words   |  16 PagesMarketing Plan-ToyotaPage 2 Strategic Marketing Plan Toyota Company Contents 1.0 Company Description 3 2.0 Strategic Focus and Plan 3 2.1 Mission Statement of the Company. 3 2.3 Core Competency and Sustainable Competitive Advantage 4 3.0 Situation Analysis 5 3.1 Impact of Changes in the Internal Environment on a Marketing Strategy 6 Strengths of the Company: 6 Weaknesses of the Company 6 3.2 Impact of Changes in the External Environment on a Marketing Strategy 6 OpportunitiesRead MoreStrategic Marketing Plan for a Hotel16235 Words   |  65 PagesMaarit Karppinen STRATEGIC MARKETING PLAN FOR A HOTEL Hotel and Restaurant Business 2011 2 VAASA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES Degree Programme of Hospitality Management ABSTRACT Author Title Year Language Pages Name of Supervisor Maarit Karppinen Strategic Marketing Plan for a Hotel 2011 English 59 + 2 Appendices Peter Smeds The aim of this thesis was to form a strategic marketing plan for Hotel X, a small privately owned hotel in Helsinki. The theoretical part of this thesisRead MoreThe Strategic Marketing Plan - Ambipur8112 Words   |  33 Pagesaggressive expansion plans in urban areas to attract urban consumers to a one-stop shopping outlet. The channels of distribution are abundant and almost at every sales outlet, the competitors are just next to you. Therefore, to be top of the consumers shopping list is to create an impact on the consumer to remember the brand and values that the product offers. Analyzing market opportunities, developing strategies, shaping the market offering, managing and delivering marketing programs are all aRead MoreRedwin Strategic Marketing Plan7188 Words   |  29 PagesRedwin Strategic Marketing Plan Table of Contents Title Page 1 Introduction 3 Situation Analysis 4 Market Analysis 5 Customer Analysis 8 Competitor Analysis 15 Internal Analysis 22 S.W.O.T Analysis 28 Strategic Position 31 Vision and Mission 32 Marketing Mix Strategies 33 References 35 Introduction Redwin is a small Australian based company with a relatively broad product range of body and skincare brands. Redwin also seeks to expand their product range overseas and withinRead MoreStrategic Marketing Plan For The Organization Essay2106 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction      As a warehouse employee i was assigned a project to work on strategic marketing plan for the organisation. After my research i outlined the following points:-     1 porters five academic model 1 Supplier: How do your actions affect costs, supplies and evolution? If there are a limited number of suppliers, it is the power of his favour and switching cost can be prohibitive to a situation with a large number of suppliers. There may be too few buyers, suppliers.   2. Power of buyers: Read MoreEssay on Strategic Marketing Plan8317 Words   |  34 Pages..............................9 Planning ConclusionsÂ…..................................................................................................11 Marketing Strategy ObjectivesÂ…Â…Â….Â…..................................................................16 Key Strategic Marketing Initiatives................Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..18 Marketing ProgramsÂ…Â…Â…Â….Â…Â….Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….....22 Calendar of EventsÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â….......................................................................................25 Read MoreStrategic Marketing Plan of Dell6587 Words   |  27 PagesStudent Name | | | | Unit Code | | Unit name | Strategy Management | Date | 28th Mar. 2013 | Assignment number | 1 | Assignment name | Strategic Marketing Plan of Dell | Tutor | Mr. | Strategic Marketing Plan Of Dell TABLE OF CONTENTS PGGE 1.0 Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 2.0 Introduction 2 3.0 Current Situation 3 4.0 ExternalRead MoreRedwin Strategic Marketing Plan7196 Words   |  29 PagesRedwin Strategic Marketing Plan Table of Contents Title Page 1 Introduction 3 Situation Analysis 4 Market Analysis 5 Customer Analysis 8 Competitor Analysis 15 Internal Analysis 22 S.W.O.T Analysis 28 Strategic Position 31 Vision and Mission 32 Marketing Mix Strategies 33 References 35 Introduction Redwin is a small Australian based company with a relatively broad product range of body and skincare brands. Redwin also seeks to expand their product range overseas and within other product categories

Australia’s Changing Responses in the Involvement of the Vietnam War free essay sample

Responses in the Involvement of The Vietnam War Australians changed their responses to our involvement in the Vietnam War for many of reasons. Australians were initially in favour of the war, but these feelings soon changed. The Media Influenced these changes in attitudes as it was the first war that had ever been televised. This means, Australian families were able to view every night on television what was really going on in Vietnam. This effected the Conscription Debate, which never seemed to end. It eventually discouraged the amount of support for conscription. To explore these changes in attitudes, I will be using a letter published in the Sydney Morning Herald and an interview with an original founder of SOS (Save Our Sons), Jean Mclean. These influences were raised in moratorium marches which in the end made the Australian government pull out our troops from Vietnam. Many of the population in Australia were originally in favour of the war, as many of the general public, being of the older generations, tended to accept that â€Å"the government is always right†. We will write a custom essay sample on Australia’s Changing Responses in the Involvement of the Vietnam War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many still believed in the governments claims that communism was spreading and that Australia was acting honourably in responding to the request from South Vietnam to help combat the Viet Cong. However, the 1960’s was a time of political change and people in positions of authority were being questioned. Younger age groups started to warm to this idea of questioning those in power. With more information becoming available about the war, such as through television, young people began to push to make their own decisions, determine their own beliefs and not just follow their parents. Now imagine- you have never been to war, heard a war, nor seen a war. With the booming of technology that the 1960’s foreseen, it brought the invention of the television. Nine in ten Australian families owned one, and all of these families had the ability to freely watch live streaming footage of Vietnam. This footage included intense visions of the horror and fear of what was really going on in in the war. The effect that this had on the public led to many of questions, questions towards how much truth was included within what the government was telling society about the war. These findings from media influences concluded in the public (being mostly of the younger generations) conducting in rallies and protests towards the government for answers. Dissent to the war was expressed in the media as well. Individuals of the time were allowed to send letters into popular newspapers to state their opinions. A source from the Sydney Morning Herald, published in October 1966, addressed President Lyndon Johnson and his visit to Australia. This source clearly supports the idea of media influences, as it shows evidence of visuals that were shown only on the television. This anti-war emotion was eventually shared by the majority of the Australian public. This letter speaks about the president’s visit to Australia, and how his welcoming by the public was probably not as expected. This was due to societies feelings towards him and the war. This letter then goes on to discuss that our country’s enthusiasm towards the war was very insufficient. The author of the letter states: â€Å"What ever your military advisers say, Mr President, the burning of crops, the bombing of villages, the killing of men, women and children are no way to improve a political situation . . . †. The author is trying to get their point across through this harsh and visual statement: that what the president is condoning over in Vietnam is unethical. This statement supports my idea of media influences effecting the changing in attitudes towards the Vietnam War as the government would certainly NOT have told the public about these war tactics. Therefore, the media would have been an information source for the author to make these assumptions, concluding in that media helped persuade the public’s decent towards the war. Now imagine- you have three sons, one deceased in war, another recently left to war and the other is in jeopardy of being conscripted into war. With the major uproar of the conscription debate that World War I brought upon Australia, came back to haunt society. This chaos within the public by the means of the Vietnam War was uplifted with the many more freedom privileges and human rights that the 1960’s brought forward. The effect this had on the public was very debated, but the overall feeling of the anti-conscription supporters, were helped by media influences which allowed the public to see for themselves. This is in comparison with the new technology that was present in the Vietnam War, but not in the duration of WWI. Dissent to the war was expressed in the conscription debate also. There were many of government, religious and personal groups that were formed to help in the anti-war movement and many of these focused around conscription. An interview from 1987 with one of the founding members of Save Our Sons, (Jean McLean), speaks about SOS’s success in the movement. This source clearly supports the idea of the public in time following the anti-war movement, revolving around the idea of being against conscription. This anti-war emotion was eventually shared by the majority of the Australian public. In the duration of the interview, Jean talks about how and why the protest movement grew in Australia. Jean comments on the timeline of events within Save Our Sons and their priorities and aims: â€Å"I convened the first meeting of SOS . . . The issue of being against the war came later. These [women] were mainly against conscription as such . . . Our aims were that we were against conscription for overseas service†. Jean Mclean is trying to get her point across that the groups first intentions were not to stop the war as such, but merely put a stop to conscription in Australia. This statement supports my idea of the conscription debate effecting the changing in attitudes towards the Vietnam War as the anti-war movement was established around the foundations of the conscription debate. Ultimately, the anti-war movement concluded in the government pulling our troops from Vietnam. Therefore, the idea of conscription caused major community out brawls within the nation which ended up gathering more support for the anti-war movement, concluding that the conscription debate helped persuade the public’s decent towards the war. In conclusion the two factors that played major roles in the changing of attitudes towards our involvement in Vietnam, included media influences and the conscription debate. These together resulted in huge rallies and marches which forced major pressure upon the government. The Whitlam government went into power during the Vietnam War, and this was because of his assurances of the abolishment of conscription and the final withdrawal of our soldiers from Vietnam.

Operation free essay sample

Southern Fire-fighters, New Zealand Railways, Speights Brewery, Otago Hospital Board, and Cadburys. They limited membership to employees and their families in each case. In 1986, due to growth, the (renamed) Fletcher Challenge Employees (Otago) and the Southern Fire-fighters Credit Unions co-operated in the sharing of office facilities. They purchased a site on a main thoroughfare in Dunedin, just down from the central business district, and erected a modern single story office with street frontage, and provided service to members on a full time basis.Methods for financial transactions varied from manual to different types of computer operated systems. The mid to late 1980s saw great change in the New Zealand economy and society, with the introduction of (new right) `Rogernomics policies. The Labour Government deregulated the financial services sector, resulting in the entrance and proliferation of foreign owned banks, and other types of financial service providers, and conversion of building societies to banks, many of them seeking a share of the basic business of credit union, viz personal loans, with a consequential significant increase in competition. We will write a custom essay sample on Operation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, the banks introduction of sophisticated technological services, in the shape of ATM, and Eftpos, made rural banking relatively expensive, resulting in branch closures. In addition the then Labour Government sold the old Postbank to the ANZ bank. Unemployment increased significantly in the country, and compounded the rural problem, as organisations downsized in a massive way, particularly in the public sector. Questions for Discussion 1. Suggest a possible strategy(s) for the survival of the credit unions in Otago. Phase Two: (1987-95)Otago, in order to take advantage of economies of scale, and thus compete more favourably in the market place. The industrial credit unions had flourished over the period, but the directors realised that their individual sites once saturated, provided little potential for membership growth, particularly in the face of major downsizing. At this point the Railways and Speights credit unions had merged with Fletcher Challenge Employees Each credit union received sufficient support from their respective memberships for amalgamation.The regulator for the credit union industry, the Registrar for Friendly Societies and Credit Unions (Registrar), approved the merger, such that the newly named Credit Union Otago (CUO) opened for business in November 1987 at its Dunedin premises, and functioned with four full time professional staff working a fiveday week. Becoming a community based credit union meant opening up membership to anyone resident in Otago, which has a population of about one hundred and forty thousand. As the first region in New Zealand to undergo this process, Otago provided the model for others to follow.

Hamlet Essayys

Hamlet Essayys Hamlet Essayys Hamlet – Critical Notes Interest in Drama in created through tension between individuals: One of the most important elements of Hamlet that make it an interesting play is Hamlet’s conflict as a hero – whether he should avenge his father, or simply abandon his quest through philosophical moralizing. The demands of Elizabethan society and even our society would be that one should return an eye for an eye, most of our films and drama support this idea of righteous justice towards someone who has wronged us. Initially Hamlet also communicates this idea through the â€Å"Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder.† of the king. From Hamlet himself, he uses strong emotional language to swear that â€Å"I’ll wipe away all trivial fond records,† â€Å"And thy commandment all alone shall live†, clearly indicating that he knows exactly what is expected of him, and this is his role in the play and his life. What society expects is also shown through the reference to the Chain of Being, through which a false king would lead to the collapse of the natural system. Hamlet describes this in the metaphor, ’tis an unweeded garden, That grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature possess it merely†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Using the garden imagery to show that a false ki ng leads to weeds and other unnatural elements in the world. Thus at least initially, there appears to be no conflict, and Hamlet will merely be a revenge tragedy play. However, the play gets much more interesting when it becomes clear that Hamlet wants nothing to do with revenge, in fact, he is such a philosopher and thinker that he despises what is basically another bout of regicide. The critic Henry Mackenzie agrees with this idea that the play arises from Hamlet’s nature: even the best qualities of his character merely reinforce his inability to cope with the world in which he is placed. Textually, we can see this in the various ways Hamlet forces himself to stop his murder. His doubt, â€Å"[the devil] is very potent with such spirits, I’ll have grounds/More relative than this.† Show he is unwilling to simply go out and be a traditional avenger. Furthermore, his continues this idea of him trying to escape fate, â€Å"Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell, Must, like a whore, unpack my heart with words,† shows that society â€Å"heaven and hell† prompt him to go and murder his uncle, but he refuses to simpl y be a whore of fate – he is going to forge his own destiny. This conflict as a central element in the play can also be seen in Hamlet’s polar opposite. Laertes have his father killed, but gives no two lines about wanting to kill Hamlet – and straight away he dies in the attempt – his demand for â€Å"[daring] damnation to be most thoroughly revenged for [his] father.† not only ends his life, but draws Hamlet’s avoidance of his fate to an end, and ends up with all involved dying, and thus formatting the tragedy. Another way that Shakespeare shows the conflict between society and the individual is through the play within a play dynamic of Hamlet. As a Avenger play, Hamlet is the tragic hero doomed to avenge his father. However, Hamlet as an individual refuses to, and this conflict, the putting off of the murder, is what makes the play philosophical and enjoyable. Unwilling Hero / Fate / Fight against Fate Both arguments are explored with excellent textual integrity by Shakespeare through a multi perspective approach of the conflict between individual and society. Again, the concept of fate here is central – Hamlet is fated to get revenge, even if it costs him his life. His own self doubt in berating his own inaction such as â€Å"How stand I then, That have a father kill’d, a mother stain’d And let all sleep?† Uses rhetorical questions to demonstrate the conflict in his heart. However contrary to popular belief, the Elizabethan perceptions of revenge had shifted from the Old Testament ‘an eye for an eye’ stance, to the New Testament perspective on revenge, ‘Vengeance is mine sayeth the Lord’, so it is arguable that

Grapes of Wrath Quotes

Grapes of Wrath Quotes The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by Nobel-Prize winning author John Steinbeck that is considered a classic piece of American literature. Published in 1939, the plot centers around the Joads, a family of sharecroppers, who journey to California seeking a new life as they attempt to escape the devasting effects of the Oklahoma Dust Bowl and The Great Depression. Selected Quotes from The Grapes of Wrath Houses were shut tight, and cloth wedged around doors and windows, but the dust came in so thinly that it could not be seen in the air, and it settled like pollen on the chairs and tables, on the dishes. Before I knowed it, I was sayin out loud, The hell with it! There aint no sin and there aint no virtue. Theres just stuff people do. Its all part of the same thing.... I says, Whats this call, this sperit? An I says, Its love. I love people so much Im fit to bust, sometimes.... I figgered, Why do we got to hang it on God or Jesus? Maybe, I figgered, maybe its all men an all women we love; maybe thats the Holy Sperit-the human sperit-the whole shebang. Maybe all men got one big soul everbodys a part of. Now I sat there thinkin it, an all of a sudden- I knew it. I knew it so deep down that it was true, and I still know it. They breathe profits; they eat the interest on money. If they dont get it, they die the way you die without air, without side-meat. The bank is something more than men, I tell you. Its the monster. Men made it, but they cant control it. I got thinkin how we was holy when we was one thing, an mankin was holy when it was one thing. An it ony got unholy when one misable little fella got the bit in his teeth an run off his own way, kickin an draggin an fightin. Fella like that bust the holi-ness. But when theyre all workin together, not one fella for another fella, but one fella kind of harnessed to the whole shebang- thats right, thats holy. It aint that big. The whole United States aint that big. It aint that big. It aint big enough. There aint room enough for you an me, for your kind an my kind, for rich and poor together all in one country, for thieves and honest men. For hunger and fat. Man, unlike any other thing organic or inorganic in the universe, grows beyond his work, walks up the stairs of his concepts, emerges ahead of his accomplishments. Fear the time when the strikes stop while the great owners live- for every little beaten strike is proof that the step is being taken... fear the time when Manself will not suffer and die for a concept, for this one quality is the foundation of Manself, and this one quality is man, distinctive in the universe. Is a tractor bad? Is the power that turns the long furrows wrong? If this tractor were ours, it would be good- not mine, but ours. We could love that tractor then as we have loved this land when it was ours. But this tractor does two things- it turns the land and turns us off the land. There is little difference between this tractor and a tank. The people were driven, intimidated, hurt by both. We must think about this. Okie use ta mean you was from Oklahoma. Now it means youre a dirty son-of-a-bitch. Okie means youre scum. Dont mean nothing itself, its the way they say it. I know this... a man got to do what he got to do. Theys a time of change, an when that comes, dyin is a piece of all dyin, and bearin is a piece of all bearin, an bearin an dyin is two pieces of the same thing. An then things aint so lonely anymore. An then a hurt dont hurt so bad. And the great owners, who must lose their land in an upheaval, the great owners with access to history, with eyes to read history and to know the great fact: when property accumulates in too few hands it is taken away. And that companion fact: when a majority of the people are hungry and cold they will take by force what they need. And the little screaming fact that sounds through all history: repression works only to strengthen and knit the repressed. How can you frighten a man whose hunger is not only in his own cramped stomach but in the wretched bellies of his children? You cant scare him- he has known a fear beyond every other. Were Joads. We dont look up to nobody. Grampas grampa, he fit in the Revolution. We was farm people till the debt. And then- them people. They done somepin to us. Ever time they come seemed like they was a-whippin me- all of us. An in Needles, that police. He done somepin to me, made me feel mean. Made me feel ashamed. An now I aint ashamed. These folks is our folks- is our folks. An that manager, he come an set an drank coffee, an he says, Mrs. Joad this, an Mrs. Joad that- an How you getting on, Mrs. Joad? She stopped and sighed. Why, I feel like people again. The migrant people, scuttling for work, scrabbling to live, looked always for pleasure, dug for pleasure, manufactured pleasure, and they were hungry for amusement. In the souls of the people, the grapes of wrath are filling and growing heavy, growing heavy for the vintage. Says one time he went out in the wilderness to find his own soul, an he foun he didnt have no soul that was hisn. Says he foun he jus got a little piece of a great big soul. Says a wilderness aint no good, cause his little piece of a soul wasnt no good less it was with the rest, an was whole. Whenever theys a fight so hungry people can eat, Ill be there. Whenever theys a cop beatin up a guy, Ill be there... Ill be in the way guys yell when theyre mad an Ill be in the way kids laugh when theyre hungry an they know suppers ready. An when our folks eat the stuff they raise an live in the houses they build- why, Ill be there.

Marketing plan of Aberdeen Beach Regeneration Essay

Marketing plan of Aberdeen Beach Regeneration - Essay Example 3 1.0: Background Analysis and Assumptions 4 1.1: Background Analysis 4 1.2: Assumptions 4 2.0: Marketing Objectives and Strategies 6 2.1: Marketing Objectives 6 3.0: Alternative Plans and Mixes 8 4.0: Budget 10 5.0: Implementation Programme 11 References 13 Executive Summary This paper carries out a background analysis to provide assumptions for a market plan for the regeneration of Aberdeen Beach. The paper explains the marketing objectives and strategies of the regeneration of Aberdeen Beach market plan. Alternative plans and mixes are explained, in detail, to predetermine the budget requirements of the market plan. After drawing the market plan budget for the regeneration of Aberdeen Beach, a detailed implementation programme for the market plan is provided, at the end. 1.0: Background Analysis and Assumptions 1.1: Background Analysis Aberdeen Beach is endowed with abundant capital and a good regional market. Also, the regional market for Aberdeen Beach is ideal for market segmen tation. With a good city image and heightened technology, Aberdeen Beach is capable of occupying the market share rapidly. For instance, there are few amusement parks and large shopping centres within Aberdeen. Therefore, market penetration and acquisition of a significant market share is highly attainable. There is an opportunity of opening a new tourist market in Aberdeen Beach, and utilizing new investors who are available. However, building a large market centre and an amusement park for Aberdeen Beach is a time consuming project that requires long-term investment and collection of funds for that purpose. In addition, the project may be adversely affected by a change in customer preferences and slow market growth. Changes in industry policy and economic recession are potential threats to the regeneration of the marketing plan for Aberdeen Beach. Based on the marketing audit and the SWOT analysis for Aberdeen Beach, some assumptions have been made so as to be able to address sign ificant issues in the formulation of a supreme marketing plan for Aberdeen Beach. While drawing these assumptions, capabilities and the potential of achieving success in marketing for Aberdeen Beach have been taken into consideration. 1.2: Assumptions In the development of a market plan for the regeneration of Aberdeen Beach, assumptions that will enable the organisation achieve its objectives have been made. Through these assumptions, specific, measurable, achievable and time bound objectives for the regeneration of Aberdeen Beach have been developed. The first assumption involves the number of tourists. It is expected that the number or volume of tourists will increase by 10% every year. Therefore, in the first year, there will be a ten percent (10%) increase in the number of tourists who will visit the Aberdeen Beach. Secondly, it assumed that profits that will be earned from tickets will be considerable during summer, and revenue is expected to increase by 15% because there will be many people who would want to use the facilities within the Aberdeen Beach and pay for them. Currently, car parking at Aberdeen Beach is free. With an increase in the number of visitors, it is expected that a car parking fee will be introduced. Finally, through proper targeting, it is expected that 36% of the market share will be acquired by introducing an amusement park and a high-level bazaar in Aberdeen

Advertising Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Advertising Analysis - Essay Example Technical effects are aimed at adding value to the adverts. These include: Sound effects add value to the products, thus giving them emotion. Close-ups give emphasis. Lighting is used to attract viewers’ attention to certain details. Accessories such as models, props and clothes used alongside the products improve them. Editing is focused on generating and pacing excitement; most products are marketed using three primary emotions: humor, sex and fear. These emotions should be independent on intellectual analysis. Unique effects bring inanimate things into life, thus making them exciting. This feature is usually prevalent in children-targeted ads. Camera angles add value to perspectives. For instance, low angles often give the product or subject power; and popular songs and music provide pneumonic devices to ads, and trigger observer’s memory (Berger 14). Common attention –getting hooks are aimed at attracting viewers’ attentions. They include humor, symbol s, repetition, fear, sex, flattering, big lies, macho, femininity, ordinary people, famous people, hype, testimonials, cute and vague promises (Berger 17). These are described as follows: Humor is commonly used since it makes the observers more attentive and memorable. Symbols such as crosses and flags are easily recognizable elements that generate powerful emotions. Repetition is used to repeat sales pitch over and over again. Fear messages are focused on addressing observers’ insecurities. It is one of the commonly used techniques since extra attention is needed to resist these messages. And sex often sells without exception. Cute images and people always add value to the show, especially in cartoon and family programs. Most adverts feature celebrities giving testimonials why certain products are recommendable. This is because people respect products endorsed by celebrities such as Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods. Famous people like Tiger Woods make products attractive and a ppealing through associations. Ads that target family or community such as Wal-Mart use ordinary people in their shows. Femininity is a gender stereotype that is commonly used in a variety of products like alcohol ads and make-up commercials. Macho is commonly used in adverts that target male community, but not exclusively. It represents male stereotype and masculinity. Such ads include tobacco and military adverts. Exotic is the appeal of the other option. It maybe a tribal person, mountain location, beach location, or something unfamiliar or strange. Film effects, music, fashion and images depicting a certain period in history are focused to represent demographic featured in the advert. This may include pop and classic rock music (Berger 34). Culture is a feature that is essential when designing an advert. An advert should be designed in accordance to specific ethnic groups. For example, Latino-targeted adverts may include particular uses of language or family scenes (Berger 34). There are two key analytical frameworks used to describe adverts and other visuals. These are content analysis and semiotic analysis. The two techniques are not often used when analyzing an ad because they both originate from different ideological stances (Berger 41). Active interpretation is primarily concerned with the act of interpretation. From this, the meaning of the advert is obtained from the process of interpretation, but not from the content of the advert. Such adverts are designed to bring the viewers to a common understanding. There is also diversity of interpretation method, which focuses on the different views presented by the viewers regarding the same advert. This method takes into account factors such as ethnicity, age, class and

Canadian Economy, Labor, And The Global World Essay Example for Free

Canadian Economy, Labor, And The Global World Essay The Federal Open Market Committee report indicates a decline in output and employment. Household spending has been increasing gradually though there have been several constraints such as high unemployment rates, tight credit, and slight income growth. The United States is the biggest trading partner to Canada and economic slumps within the American economy affect the Canadian economy negatively as well. Such a decline in output will affect the Canadian economy since a decline in goods that Canada obtains from the United States will mean the country will lack them and have to find other countries to trade with. In addition, the low output will result in American businesses importing less goods from Canada that they use in the process of producing their goods. The high unemployment will affect Canadian labor based on the large number of Canadians who work in the United States. During an economic recession as this one most foreign workers lack unemployment in other countries as governments give first priority to their domestic workers first. As such, American nationals would be considered first during employment exercises while the Canadians will be left out and stay unemployed until the economy is seen to have recovered. The role of the state in a global world The worlds today is a global one with people from different countries, social backgrounds and cultures interacting on a daily basis. States are part of these interactions as well as they encompass the geographical boundaries that divide our continents into smaller units. States exist as a result of a host of reasons such as political, historical, economic, social, cultural and militaristic. States form different corners of the world are carrying out trade with one another as a result of the growth of the idea of competitive advantage that allows countries to export what they have in abundance and import what they lack. Apart from trade, there are numerous organizations and agreements around the world that have brought numerous countries together in pursuit of common goals so as to create a modern world that is safe and productive to live in. As such, a state has to find a way to effectively take part in such a global world despite having its own independent political, social, cultural, and corporate way of doing things. This requires states to come up with policies that will enable them to actively take part within the global world without compromising their independence (Plattner, 2002). This creates the need for due attention to the theoretical rationales of the state’s formation that ensure that the state remains pertinent in the global world. This is in line with the fact that domestic policies can not be made to treat the economy as a closed entity but need to consider the implications and counterbalancing effects that arise from globalization. The state has a role in the global world that is aimed at legislating its policies that protect its domestic market as well as give opportunity for its country’s participation in globalization. Labor unions in a global world Globalization has grown over the years and has now become an important part of our corporate and social lives. Labor is one of the institutions that have been greatly affected by globalization as businesses and institutions are now able to employ individuals from anywhere in the world as far as they have the required skills and knowledge needed for the job. With the growth of capitalism and international trade, most companies realized the only way to stay in business and continue making huge profits was to cut down on overall expenses and labor costs were one of the expenses cut. The growth of globalization has also lead to the development of outsourcing where businesses have some of the operations carried out by other institutions that are specialized in that field and therefore do not have to employ people to carry out those jobs internally. Most businesses are opening factories in foreign markets that have cheaper labor such as China and Indonesia. As such, labor unions have responded in order to protect their domestic workers from the increasing amount of unemployment that could result from the employment of foreign workers who could be asking for lower wages and salaries as compared to the domestic workers. Labor unions have responded to globalization by engaging in several strategies that limit the negative effects of globalization on labor. One such strategy has been the opposition towards free trade initiatives and agreements involving several countries. One such agreement has been the North American Free Trade Agreement by asking for there to be provisions within the agreement for the inclusion of a charter that would entail a number of labor principles that would be put into effect and enforced by both domestic and international courts. Secondly, labor unions have began to organize regional as well as international organizations that seek to harmonize the labor needs of their members. This is the case especially for multinational companies that operate in several countries where unions facilitate workers from the different factories in the various countries to be able to have collective bargaining of their needs (Herod, 2002). Thirdly, labor unions have been involved in the process of developing labor regulations that are incorporated in most business codes of conduct. Due to the possibility of business including legally correct phrases that could be detrimental to workers when effected and which would affect workers negatively. By have access to the policy formulation stage, unions are able to prevent the inclusion of such codes and policies that would end up leaving workers at a disadvantaged position. How the federal government responded to growing labor militancy The onset of the depression found the provincial as well as municipal governments in debt following expansion in infrastructure. This was at a time when Mackenzie was the prime minister and he held the belief that the crisis would pass thus failed to provide aid to the provinces. The federal government was reluctant in making efforts of reviving the economy that followed the depression (Robert, 2009). After the depression the government started a relief plan faced with mounting pressure from World War 1 veterans who demanded to be protected from poverty that was known as the New Deal The federal government under R. B Bennett campaigned on high tariffs as well as large scale spending. The federal government also increased welfare and assistance programs as well as programs intended to increase work opportunities. This was a move that led the federal government to more deficit (Neatby, 1963). This worsened the situation based on the fact that it caused a great number of government employees to loose their jobs as well as the cancelation of many public works projects that were underway. The federal government had a burden of the Canadian National Railway that had been highly affected by the depression. The government has as well taken over a number of railways that were bankrupt and out-of-date over the period of the world war. This increased the debt that the government had to a massive sum that was hard to be repaid at the time based on the hard financial time that the nation faced. The decrease in trade had made the Canadian National Railway to loose substantial amounts of funds a crisis that had been worsened by the depression. This created a burden for the federal government on the basis that it had to bail out the CNR baring in mind that the government was as well facing other debts. The failure of the federal government to revive the economy led to its defeat by the liberal party. The future for Keynesian economics Keynesian economics is struggling as it seems to have a dimming future. Since the 1970s when Keynesian economics faced a significant decline due to its failure as a result of the resultant high inflation rates and economic recessions, there has been an emergence of monetarism. In the 1980s, classical as well as supply-side economics have increasingly challenged the appropriateness of Keynesian economics further (Rousseas, 1986). As a result, Keynesian economists have responded to this decline and have created new schools of thought based on early Keynesian economics. These are †¢ The neoclassical Keynesianism †¢ The post-Keynesianism †¢ The new Keynesianism All these school of thoughts have emerged mainly as a response to the criticisms that new classical economists have raised against Keynesian economics (Gordon, 1990). Due to the focus on the demand side, Keynesian economics has proved to be important especially during economic revival after recessions as was witnessed after the recent 2008-2009 global recession where most affected countries engaged in Keynesian economics by providing economic stimulus packages aimed at reviving the economy again. This is based on the Keynesian view that markets usually lack a mechanism to self correct themselves and therefore government interventions are required to restore the economy once again. References Gordon, R. J. (1990). â€Å"What Is New-Keynesian Economics? † Journal of Economic Literature 28, no. 3 1115–1171. Herod, A. (2002). â€Å"Organizing globally, organizing locally: union spatial strategy in a global economy. † In Harrod, J. Robert, O. Global Unions? Theory and Strategies of organized labor in the global political economy. London: Routledge. Neatby, H. B. (1963). William Lyon Mackenzie King, 1924-1932: The Lonely Heights. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Plattner, M. (2002). â€Å"Globalization and Self-Government†, Journal of Democracy 13(3): 54-67. Robert, L. (2009). The Workplace and Economic Crisis: Canadian Textile Firms, 1929-1935, Enterprise and Society, Vol. 10 Issue 3, pp 498-528. Rousseas, S. (1986). Post-Keynesian Monetary Economics. London: Macmillan.

Alternative Energy Vehicles Essay example -- Exploratory Essays Resear

Alternative Energy Vehicles Interested in alternative-energy driven cars? Here is a brief synopsis of the existing technologies, some of the problems surrounding each of them, and suggestions for further reading. There is no question that pollution from automobiles is a major problem in industrialized countries and is increasing in developing nations. And the number of cars is increasingly rapidly: in the United States, the automobile population has increased 6X faster than the human population and 2X faster than the number of new drivers (Motavelli, 2000). At the same time, the average fuel economy of the 2001 fleet decreased to 20.4 miles per gallon, the same it was in 1980. This decrease is fueled by the growing trend in inefficient SUVs. As over 50% of the USA’s oil comes from overseas, the dangerous level of waste promoted by inefficient vehicles makes this more than simply an environmental issue. What are some of the long-term renewable solutions to the political and environmental dangers that pollution and inefficiency pose? Battery-powered vehicles. There are several electric car models on the market in the making. As of now, their economic viability is restrained by the relatively short distance that can be traveled between recharging and their lower-than-average maximum speeds. Considering the advantages that standard cars have over battery-powered cars, there is little economic incentive to buy battery-powered cars, but their environmental benefits are enormous. Although it requires factory pollution to create the electricity necessary to charge the vehicles, it would take 13 electrical cars to equal the emissions produced by one standard car (Motavelli, 2000). Research is continuing to make battery-pow... ...t cars. Suggestions for further readings: Borroni-Bird, Christopher E. Designing AUTOnomy. http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=00034FE5-BA99-1D80-90FB809EC580000. 2002. California Air Resources Board. Major Automotive Fuel Cell Programs http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/fuelcell/kalhammer/techreport/sec3_3.pdf. 2002 Fantes, Francisco. Solar Hydrogen Energy: Mining the Oceans for the Holy Grail. Harvard Science Review, winter 2002. Hubler, Shawn, Chalk One Up for Hybrids. Http://www.calendarlive.com/printedition/calendar/cl_et_hubler26mar26.story. 2002. Motavelli, Jim. Forward Drive : The Race to Build â€Å"Clean† Cars for the Future. San Francisco : Sierra Club Books, 2000 Nice, Karim. How Hybrid Cars Work. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/hybrid_car.htm 2002. Sierra Club, Energy Fact Sheet. Http://www.sieraclub.org/energy/factsheet.asp 2001

Terminal Data Capability

Terminal Data Capability [What is it? ] – Generally, It is a data element that stores information particularly on terminal that can be individually addressed by tag ID. Data element resident in the terminal shall be under control of one of the following parties:†¢ Terminal manufacturer: For example, IFD Serial Number†¢ Acquirer/Agent: For example, Merchant Category Code†¢ Merchant: For example, Local Date and Local Time (these may be controlled by either merchant or acquirer)Terminal should be constructed in such a way that data which is under control of acquirer is only initialised and updated by the acquirer (or its agent).[Types] 1. Application Independent[1] Data:†¢ Terminal related data†¢ Transaction related data -Unique to terminal. -Shall have parameters initialised so that it can identify what language(s) supported to process the card’s language preference.2. Application Dependent[2] Data: [Characteristic] – A terminal data shall be initialized in the terminal or obtainable at the time of a transaction. A terminal data can be of any format: alphabetic, numeric to binary. – Some terminal data serves as a constant whereas the rest is updatable. – Each terminal data has its own functionality and usage which facilitates an EMV transaction. – The dependency of the terminal data in application indicates how data management is done in terminal. – During the transaction, the terminal shall ignore any data object coming from the ICC which is terminal-sourced or issuer-sourced. [How it involved in EMV] Transaction (Exchange/Supply Data to ICC) Counter Record (updatable) ComparableReference Notes: Terminal data element, ICC data element, Issuer data element, EMV function. [Counter] [Record] Cardholder Verification Method (CVM) Results: – Being set/updated upon Cardholder Verification completion. [P102B3] – Consists of 3 bytes: CVM Performed, CVM Condition, and CVM Result. †“ There are 5 applicable CVMs in Cardholder Verification: Online PIN, Offline PIN, Signature, No CMV Required, and Combo CVM (2 CVM combination). – After a successful CVM, CVM Results reflect the successful CVM; an unsuccessful CVM, CVM Results reflect the unsuccessful CVM. Byte 3 of CVM Results is set to ‘successful’, IFF: i. Applicable CVM is ‘No CVM required’, and terminal supports it. ii. Offline PIN verification by the ICC is successful. – Byte 3 of CVM Results is set to ‘unknown’, IFF: i. Applicable CVM is ‘Signature’, and terminal supports it. ii. Online PIN verification is successful. – Byte 3 of CVM Results is set to ‘failed’, IFF: i. Previous applicable CVM is failed, and succeeding (last) application CVM failed as well. – Byte 1 and byte 2 of CVM Results indicate method and condition of the last performed CVM throughout CMV List.In addition, byte 2 is set to ‘00’ (N o meaning) IFF byte 1 is ‘3F’ (No CVM performed). – Table 2: shows all the possible failed/unknown CVM Results. [P49P121B4] Terminal Verification Result (TVR) Initialized to 0: Initiate Application Processing Function: Offline Data Authentication, Processing Restrictions, Cardholder Verification, Terminal Risk Management, Online Processing, Issuer-to-Card Script Processing. Use in analysis: Terminal Action Analysis. Description: Status of different function as seen from terminal. Diagram: [P165B4], TVR bytes breakdown: TVR byte |EMV Function |Status jotted on bits |When will it be set | | | |RFU |Reserved for future use | | | | | | | | | | | |1 |Offline Data | | | | |Authentication | | | | | |RFU | | | | |CDA failed |If CDA is performed but unsuccessful. [P44B4] | | | |DDA failed |If DDA is performed but unsuccessful. | | | |Card appears on terminal exception (set at Terminal Risk |If a match on presence card (Application PAN and Application PAN | | | |Management ) |Sequence Number) is found in the exception file. | | |ICC data missing (Can be set at any function) |When an optional data object that is required because of the | | | | |existence of other data objects or that is required to support | | | | |functions that must be performed (AIP) is missing. | | | |SDA failed |If SDA is performed but unsuccessful. | | | |Offline Data Authentication was not performed |If neither SDA nor DDA nor CDA is performed. | | |RFU | | | | | |Reserved for future use | |2 | | | | | |Processing Restriction | | | | | |RFU | | | | |RFU | | | | |New Card (set at Terminal Risk Management) |If Last Online ATC Register == 0. [P113B3] | | | Requested service not allowed for card product |If all test against Issuer Country Code and Terminal Country Code | | | | |fail. [T32B4] | | | |Application not yet effective |If Transaction Date > Application Effective Date | | | |Expired application |If Transaction Date > Application Expiration Date | | | |ICC and terminal have different application versions |If AVN in ICC ? AVN in Terminal. | | |RFU |Reserved for future use | | | | | | |3 | | | | | |Cardholder Verification| | | | | |RFU | | | | |Online PIN entered |If online PIN is successfully entered. | | | |PIN entry required, PIN pad present, but PIN was not entered |If CVM is online/offline PIN, but bypassed by terminal in the | | | | |direction of merchant or cardholder. | | |PIN entry required and PIN pad not present or not working |If CVM is online/offline PIN, but neither of them were supported | | | | |by terminal or malfunctioned PIN pad. | | | |PIN Try Limit exceeded |If PIN Try Counter < 1. | | | |Unrecognised CVM |If CVM is not recognized by terminal. | | | |Cardholder Verification was not successful |If CVM List is exhausted without any successful case or applicable| | | | |CVM indicates ‘Fail CVM Processing’. | | |RFU | | | | | |Reserved for future use | |4 | | | | | |Terminal Risk | | | | |Management | | | | | |RFU | | | | |R FU | | | | |Merchant forced transaction online |An attended terminal may allow an attendant to force a transaction| | | | |online, such as in a situation where the attendant is suspicious | | | | |of the cardholder. If this function is performed, it should occur | | | | |at the beginning of the transaction. | | |Transaction selected randomly for Online Processing | | | | |Upper Consecutive Offline Limit exceeded |If ATC ? Last Online ATC Register (Precautious) or | | | | |If (ATC – Last Online ATC Register) > Upper Consecutive Offline | | | | |Limit. [P113B3] | | | |Lower Consecutive Offline Limit exceeded |If ATC ?Last Online ATC Register (Precautious) or | | | | |If (ATC – Last Online ATC Register) > Lower Consecutive Offline | | | | |Limit. [P113B3] | | | |Transaction exceeds floor limit |If (Amount, Authorize + Amount stored in log) > Terminal Floor | | | | |Limit. Or if (Amount, Authorize) > appropriate Terminal Floor | | | | |Limit. P111B3] | | | |RFU | | | | | | Reserved for future use | |5 | | | | | | |RFU | | | | |RFU | | | | |RFU | | | |Script Processing |Script Processing failed after final GENERATE AC |If an error occurred while ICC processing Issuer Script Template | | | | |1. | | | |Script Processing failed before final GENERATE AC |If an error occurred while ICC processing Issuer Script Template | | | | |2. | |Online Processing |Issuer authentication failed |When Issuer Authentication Data (part of authorisation response | | | | |message) from Issuer sent to ICC via EXTERNAL AUTHENTICATE/ second| | | | |GENERATE AC command failed, i. e. (SW1 SW2)! = 9090. [P120B3] | | | |Default TDOL used |If TDOL in ICC not presented and Default TDOL in terminal is used | | | | |to generate TC Hash Value. | Transaction Status Information (TSI) Initialized to 0: Initiate Application Processing Function: Offline Data Authentication, Cardholder Verification, Terminal Risk Management, Card Action Analysis, Online Processing, Issuer-to-Card Script Proce ssing. TSI byte |EMV Function |Status jotted on bits |When will it be set | | | |RFU |Reserved for future use | | | | | | | | | | | |1 | | | | | | |RFU | | | | |Script Processing was performed |If CDA is performed but unsuccessful. P44B4] | | | |Terminal Risk Management was performed |If DDA is performed but unsuccessful. | | | |Issuer Authentication was performed |If | | | |Card Risk Management was performed |When an | | | |Cardholder Verification was performed |If SDA is performed but unsuccessful. | | | |Offline Data Authentication was performed |If neither SDA nor DDA nor CDA is performed. | | |RFU | | | | | |Reserved for future use | |2 | | | | | | |RFU | | | | |RFU | | | | |New Card (set at Terminal Risk Management) |If Last Online ATC Register == 0. [P113B3] | | | |Requested service not allowed for card product |If all test against Issuer Country Code and Terminal Country Code | | | | |fail. T32B4] | | | |Application not yet effective |If Transaction Date > Application Effect ive Date | | | |Expired application |If Transaction Date > Application Expiration Date | | | |ICC and terminal have different application versions |If AVN in ICC ? AVN in Terminal. | [Comparable] [Reference] Array {What is it? } In data storage, an array is a method for storing information on multiple devices. In general, an array is a number of items arranged in some specified way – for example, in a list of in a three-dimensional table.In computer programming languages, an array is a group of objects with the same attributes that can be addressed individually, using such techniques as subscripting. An array is a collection of similar elements, must have the same data type. In random access memory (RAM), an array is the arrangement of memory cells. {Characteristic} You need an index to locate their value. The index starts from 0 and end with the length – 1. Data in array must be in same data type. {What is its implementation? } List, queue, stack, link list. —à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [1] No matter what application is selected, its data will not be affected. [2] If an application changed, its value changed as well. ———————–Data Authentication Terminal Action Analysis Terminal Risk Management Read Application Data Online/ Offline Decision Processing Restriction ‘()34*[pic]hK? hAKyjhK? 0J;*[pic]U[pic]hY}_hY}_;*[pic]h;q;*[pic] h;qh;qh:[5? CJaJhm†¡Initiate Application Completion Script Processing Online processing & Authorization message request Card Action Analysis Cardholder Verification Data Authentication Terminal Action Analysis Terminal Risk Management Read Application Data Online/ Offline Decision Processing Restriction Initiate Application Completion Script Processing Online processing & Authorization message request Card Action Analysis Cardholder Verification

Natural Disasters Essay

There is certain order in the world. The planets move in their orbit around the sun. The disasters which occur naturally are known as natural disasters. There are infinite natural disasters. Some of them are landslides, floods and volcanic eruptions. By taking the example of planets orbiting around the sun, the question rises that how do these devastating disasters occur? Floods occur in those areas which are closer to seas. Due to heavy rain, the sea water increases and spills out over the area with speed and destroying everything. Flash floods are another example of floods which occur suddenly. All the land and fertile soil is destroyed. Landslides occur in mountains. They occur by a number of reasons in which earthquake is the main reason. It causes the mountainous slopes to weaken the saturated soil which run down the hill and kills every thing in the way. It blocks the way for people to travel. Volcanoes are fractured structured located on the crust which fall within the mass of the definition of planet. The earth allows hot lava to escape from the magma which is below the surface. This occurs when the earth’s crust breaks in some major parts. Erupting volcanoes cause many hazards such as volcanic ash, which is a threat to aircraft, mainly in jet engines where ash particles are melted due to high temperature. This destroys the turbine blades. After a lot of research it is still not known how volcanic eruption can be prevented. Researchers have stopped looking for prevention of volcanic eruptions.Man’s defences are too weak in comparison to nature. It is often expected that natural disasters are nature’s way of keeping human population in check. Are any of these disasters caused by man Man is not the cause of volacanic eruptions, but he plays a role in weather related disasters as floods. Everyone knows that weather is being affected by clearing of forests on earth. This is within our control. Hence some disasters can be controlled. All we have to do is to hope for a day to come when we could control all  natural disasters. Till then we have to remain at the mercy of nature.

Your checklist for establishing salary ranges

Your checklist for establishing salary ranges Outwardly, your company probably has a standard line when it comes to describing employee salaries- something along the lines of â€Å"salary commensurate with performance and experience,† perhaps. Internally, it’s essential to have a close eye on what you’re paying particular employees, whether this aligns with industry standards, and what a particular position is worth to your company. Establishing pay ranges or set salary boundaries is essential to getting a handle on this information and managing salary moving forward. Let’s look at how you can approach the task for your company.Determine the value of each position within your organization.It would be nice to think that you can’t put a dollar number on an employee’s worth, but†¦the accountants beg to differ. This isn’t personal to whomever holds the job. Each position within your company has, realistically, a minimum and maximum value. Figuring out that value depends first on determining what the market value is for a given position. Your jobs may not match other companies’ jobs 1:1, but matching approximate job duties and levels of seniority can give you a pretty good idea of what others are paying for similar work. Sites like PayScale offer glimpses into position salaries, but the U.S. Department of Labor Statistics can really be your gold standard of salary data.Re-evaluate current employees.This is likely the most painful part of the process because it could uncover some uncomfortable realities. Are your current employees making salaries in line with their market value? If they’re making less, this is a relatively easy fix- you can increase base salary until it’s aligned. If they’re making more, it’s tougher. Cutting someone’s pay is going to negatively affect morale and employee engagement. What you can do is determine that a particular employee won’t be eligible for base pay increases, but rather bon uses or other compensation.Review and rank all the jobs in your organization.By figuring out the most essential jobs in your organization and assigning value based on seniority, job complexity, education required, training necessary, and other aspects, you can start establishing a hierarchy of salary ranges.Review your job descriptions.Once you start considering the relative value of each position, it’s important to make sure that your recruitment materials are realistic. Are your job descriptions reflective of the actual job? If you’re going to assign a specific value range to a position based on the job tasks, experience and skills necessary, etc., then you’ll be able to manage the salary process better, and earlier in the process.hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});Determine the specific ranges.Once you’ve gone through the work of assigning relative value to each position in your company, it’s time to start attach ing real numbers to each position. A salary range should have a minimum, a midpoint, and a maximum. Most salary ranges are 30-40% apart, from minimum to maximum.Communicate your salary philosophy.Then, after you’ve established ranges throughout your company, it’s important to be clear about what the salary expectations are for each role. This doesn’t mean publishing the specific dollar ranges (given the confidentiality of individual employees’ salary information), but employees should know if you’re planning to compensate them with bonuses instead of base pay increases, or how you determine base bay raises. If employees are totally in the dark about how salaries are determined and why, it leaves the door open for negativity and speculation. It can also help you in disputes over employee pay, if the salary philosophy and methodology is at least somewhat transparent.Don’t get complacent.Keep monitoring your ranges, perhaps auditing them annual ly, to make sure that your salary ranges are keeping pace with the market standards.Setting salary ranges makes your organization run more efficiently when it comes to hiring, developing existing talent, and adhering to financial best practices. It’s also a way to make sure you have a strong handle on what’s going on at every level your organization, and to inform how you can continue to meet organizational goals while supporting employees in a data-driven way.

State Names and Abbreviations

State Names and Abbreviations State Names and Abbreviations State Names and Abbreviations By Mark Nichol How should you treat references to states? The form depends on which style guide you adhere to and why the state is being referenced. Details about how to refer to states follow. The Chicago Manual of Style and The Associated Press Stylebook agree on one thing: When referring to a state on its own, spell the state name out (â€Å"California became a state in 1850†). However, when referring to a city and the state in which it is located, although Chicago recommends retaining the spelled-out version of the state name (â€Å"San Diego, California†), AP style calls for abbreviating the state name (â€Å"San Diego, Calif.†) if it consists of more than six letters. (Chicago also has abbreviations if you insist, but they don’t always match AP’s style.) The AP style abbreviations arbitrarily range in length from two to six letters, and all two-word names are abbreviated with the initials, such as N.Y. for â€Å"New York† with the exception of West Virginia’s abbreviation, which for some reason is rendered W.Va. (Note that AP style omits state names for a specified list of cities considered familiar enough that the state in which they are located need not be mentioned.) In headlines, the periods are omitted. However, when giving an address, or in tables or other uses in which space is limited, use the US Postal Service’s symbol system, which consists of a two-letter abbreviation in which both letters are always capitalized and no periods are used (for example, NY for â€Å"New York†). Other style handbooks have their own guidelines, so, if you are writing or editing for a particularly company as a staff member or a freelancer, determine which resource is considered the authority on state abbreviation. Note, too, that abbreviation of country names is rare and not recommended. US and UK are frequently used as nouns in informal contexts, but the names should be spelled out except as adjectives â€Å"the US response,† for example, or â€Å"the UK’s role† and Chicago recommends omitting periods in these cases, as is advised for all capitalized abbreviations. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101English Grammar 101: Verb Mood30 Words for Small Amounts

What role did popular music play in the American civil rights movement Essay

What role did popular music play in the American civil rights movement Your answer should include at least two case studies which connect musicians to particular historical events of the 1950s or 1960s - Essay Example It will be vital to mention that the Civil Rights Movement, which took place during the time of 1960’s, was more closely related to music as compared to other American based social movements held in the stated period. In this similar context, it can be apparently observed that certain prisoners sung freedom songs for keeping up their spirits in gaining national freedom. Apart from this, various folksingers, including blacks as well as whites, wrote songs about various themes related to the Civil Rights Movement. These themes were ascertained to be pains, paradoxes and racist activities among others. Thus, with this concern, it can be affirmed that the connection of music with the Civil Rights Movement is much apparent during the episode of 1960’s (RRAS, n.d.). In relation to the above context, the essay intends to discuss and analyse the role that popular music played in the American Civil Rights Movement. In the circumstance of explaining the role played by popular music in the American Civil Rights Movement, certain popular music genres in the period of 1960’s were found to exist. In this similar context, the popular music genres that persisted during the period of 1960’s were Acapella, Motown/R&B, British Invasion, Roots Rock and Hard Rock, Folk Rock and Protest Music and Surf Rock and Psychedelic Rock. The popular music genre of British Invasion comprised certain pop artists as well as rock brands belonging to Britain that presented certain American pop and rock songs. Such artists were reckoned as The Beatles, Donovan, The Animals, The Kinks and Dusty Springfield among others. Specially mentioning, Motown/R&B acted as one of the most popular music genres, which had importance in the Civil Rights Movement. The importance of this particular popular music genre could be determined based on the efforts made by the same in integrating American community during the

Technological Innovation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technological Innovation - Research Paper Example To lead in innovations, the concepts of realizing the need, finding people with the relevant technology and citing financial support are key to managing innovations. In addition to this, requirements for diffusion of technology like the knowledge, attitude, the decision to adopt or reject implementation and use and the confirmation of the decision, needs to be put into consideration for effective management (Clark, 2010). These will outline the measure and indicators of the innovation and its overall impact thus enabling decision making. Innovations are meant to bring institutional change through knowledge and application of ideas in relation to the existing products and operations. Innovations change institution’s insight into competitive advantage, new systems, processes and way of conducting business. They are manifested in organization structures of governance, production and marketing systems and employee structuring and specialization. To achieve this there is need to establish leadership to promote, execute and sustain these initiatives. In addition, effective predictions of market/ client trends, generation and evaluation of ideas and communicating the solutions will enhance team work and realization of targeted goals (Conti & Herron, 2006). Technology innovation has impacted the society positively through assurance of convenience, efficiency, comfort and expansion of opportunities. For instance, socially, advancements of telecommunication infrastructure through provision of reliable network and powerful gadgets like computers and smart phones, has integrated the people as they can share ideas and transact business. In the field of business and economics, convenience and efficiency have improved by construction of transport and communication networks which enhance efficient movement of goods, services and ideas

Health Promotion throughout the Human Lifespan Essay

Health Promotion throughout the Human Lifespan - Essay Example Despite this claims, Canadians have time and again misused alcohol, thus leading to health risks. This paper will examine strategies of promoting health throughout the lifespan of alcohol abusers. Alcohol Related Health Problems Abuse of alcohol result major health risks such cancer among other societal problems such as drunken driver accidents, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, criminal activities, and even family problems. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder describes a wide range of health concerns that come because of prenatal abuse and misuse of alcohol. Disabilities resulting from Fetal Alcohol Spectrum disorder include alcohol related Neurodevelopment Disorder. Health problems such as cancer have come up as a result of alcohol consumptions. Consumption of alcohol in risky amounts has been proved to increase risks for individuals developing cancers such as those of the, liver, gastrointestinal tract, breast, pharynx, mouth, larynx, and the esophagus. However, alcohol consumption in moderate amounts is proved to reduce the risk of developing cancer. Alcohol consumers, who take meals alongside alcohol, have a lower risk of developing cancer of the throat, mouth and the digestive system. ... Generally, adolescents and young adults are the most vulnerable to misuse of alcohol and heavy drinking. Many accidents caused by adolescent and young adult drunken drivers have been a major cause of deaths in many countries (Galanter, American Medical Society on Alcoholism, Research Society on Alcoholism (U.S.) and National Council on Alcoholism, 2005, P.2). In addition, alcohol consumption is said to cause impairment, thus making drivers more prone to accidents and injuries that come out to be severe in most cases. Accident risk potential as a result of impairment caused by alcohol varies between women and men. In addition to accidents, misuse of alcohol also causes high blood pressure, weakening of the immune system, osteoporosis, obesity, and even neurological disorders. Risks of high blood pressure are substantially increased by more and more consumption of alcohol. Moreover, heavy consumption of alcohol weakens the immune system and thus individuals have a higher potential of b eing infected, falling sick, and recovering from illness slowly. Studies claim that alcohol is a major health issue when misused, as it results in individual health problems, societal issues, cognitive and physical impairment. Alcohol Neurological disorders resulting from alcohol consumption include dementia and Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, which results in memory loss, and cognitive impairment. In most cases, alcohol affects physical performance of an individual, as it adversely inhibits span of attention, coordination of activities, and the time with which an individual reacts to stimulus. Alcohol also causes poor judgment, and in many circumstances, results in destruction of social relationships and communicative behavior

The importance of maintaining confidentiality

The importance of maintaining confidentiality Abstract Confidentiality is a protection and assurance of the right to privacy to the fullest extent. This report discusses the findings of my research into the importance of maintaining confidentiality. I investigated the situations where disclosure of confidentiality is appropriate in todays workplaces. The transmission of data and handling of patients medical records and personal information is still a big area of debate. When handled incorrectly the penalties that can be enforced are very stiff. Information handled in an inappropriate way can be damaging and costly. Costly to the company, in respect to cost of litigation, and costly to the customer due to private information being shared with the unscrupulous people! This report will set out to discover some cases of law related to the workplace, I will look at some of the examples of when confidentiality is not maintained, and investigate what big corporations are doing to train their employees on the importance of maintaining ethical st andards which contain guidelines for confidentiality in the workplace. Keywords: Confidentiality, workplace, Research, Importance, Medical, Privacy. Maintaining confidentiality in the work place is a big deal for corporations, major amounts of time and expense is devoted to training and documentation. All major businesses implement â€Å"Codes of Ethical Conduct† into the employment agreement for everyone that works for the company. Failure to maintain the policy could result in termination for the employee, and legal repercussions for the company. Confidentiality is based on four basic principles: Respect for an individuals right to privacy Respect for human relationship in which personal information is shared Appreciation of the importance of confidentiality to both individuals and society Expectations that those who pledge to safeguard confidential information will do so Confidential information may contain, but is not limited to, address, phone number, names of family members, medical information, etc. Confidentiality is very important in maintaining trust and building a strong employee relationship. This type of ethical behavior spans the globe, and is not just an American ideology. Here is an example from an Institution of higher learning at the University of South Australia, http://www.unisa.edu.au/hrm/forms/workplace.asp these types of policies are being implemented around the world. Information is power, and if not protected, can be abused. (University of South Australia accessed 11.24.09) Present situations where disclosure of information confidentiality is well stated is the medical field, the government has enacted The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPPA). Under these guidelines which they have named, final privacy rules, â€Å"covered entities must keep individually identifiable health information against deliberate or inadvertent misuse or disclosure. Consequently, health plans and providers must maintain administrative and physical safeguards to protect the confidentiality of health information as well as protect against unauthorized access. These entities must inform individuals about how their health information is used and disclosed and ensure them access to their information. Written authorization from patients for the use and disclosure of health information for most purposes is also required with the exception of health care treatment, payment and operations.†(http://www.hhs.gov accessed 11.24.09) Those entities that misuse personal health information can be penalized. Under final HIPAA rules, the HHS Office for Civil Rights, which is responsible for implementing the Privacy rules can impose civil monetary penalties and criminal penalties for certain wrongful disclosures of protected information. Civil penalties can be imposed up to $25,000 per year and criminal penalties can range from $50,000 and one year in prison to $250,000 and ten years in prison.(HHS.gov accessed 11.24.09) The Health Care Industry had been lobbying the former administration to change or dismantle HIPAA regulations, while consumer privacy advocates view the rules as a breakthrough that provides comprehensive federal standards, rather than conflicting state standards for patient medical privacy. At this time, it is unclear whether or not the current administration will fully implement HIPAA and how these final rules will affect everything over the long term. Keeping customer and employee information confidential is an important duty of all professionals. Employee data such as the information obtained and store to hire, pay, and manage is by nature sensitive. Keeping information that is discovered in the workplace confidential is also very sensitive, whether it is company related or customer based. SOURCES U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Mercer Consulting LLC University of South Australia

Diabetes :: essays research papers

What is diabetes? Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Diabetes can be associated with serious complications and premature death, but persons with diabetes can take measures to reduce the likelihood of such occurrences. 15.7 million people -- 5.9% of the population -- have diabetes. But only 10.3 million people are diagnosed so that leaves 5.4 million people not diagnosed. Studies have found death rates to be twice as high among middle-aged people with diabetes as among middle-aged people without diabetes. Based on death certificate data, diabetes contributed to 193,140 deaths in 1996. Diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death listed on U.S. death certificates in 1996, according to CDC's National Center for Health Statistics. Diabetes is believed to be underreported on death certificates, both as a condition and as a cause of death. 6.3 million. 18.4% of all people 65 years and older have diabetes. 15.6 million. 8.2% of all people 20 years and older have diabetes. 123,000. 0.16% of all people under age 20 have diabetes. Prevalence data for diabetes among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are limited. Some groups within this population are at increased risk for diabetes. For example, data collected from 1988 to 1995 suggest that Native Hawaiians are twice as likely to have diagnosed diabetes as white residents of Hawaii. The four types of diabetes are:  · Type 1 diabetes was previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes. Type 1 diabetes may account for 5% to 10% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk factors are less well defined for type 1 diabetes than for type 2 diabetes, but autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of this type of diabetes  · Type 2 diabetes was previously called non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes. Type 2 diabetes may account for about 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, prior history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are at particularly high risk for type 2 diabetes.  · Gestational diabetes develops in 2% to 5% of all pregnancies but disappears when a pregnancy is over.

Pttls Assignment Essay

1. Types and methods of assessment used in lifelong learning 1. Types of assessment used in lifelong learning 2. Assessment methods used in lifelong learning 3. Strengths and limitations of assessment methods 2. Importance of involving learners in the assessment process 1. Evaluation of involving learners in the assessment process 2. The role of peer and self-assessment in the assessment process 3. Requirements for keeping records of assessment in lifelong learning 3.1 Reasons to keep records of assessment of learning 3.2 Summary of requirements for keeping records 1. Types and methods of assessment used in lifelong learning 1. Types of assessment used in lifelong learning Macmillan Dictionary defines assessment as `the process of making a judgment or forming an opinion, after considering something or someone carefully` Assessment is aimed to measure the breadth and depth of learning.( Geoff Petty) According to Ann Gravells assessment types include initial, formative and summative which could be on a formal or informal basis. Initial assessment called diagnostic usually takes place before commencing a particular programme when students are diagnosed what they know about the subject they are going to look into. Formative assessment called continuous is part of the learning programme where assessment occurs continuously to measure the students progress of learning. Summative assessment called final and always takes place at the end of the course or programme taught. 2. Assessment methods used in lifelong learning Assessment methods are different from assessment types. Usage of assessment methods can be formal or informal depending on what the teacher is going to assess: knowledge, skills or attitudes states Ann Gravells. Formal assessment methods include: assignments, essays, examinations, tests, observations, professional discussions, multiple-choice questions Informal assessment methods include: discussions, quizzes, role plays, puzzles and crosswords, self-assessment, peer assessment 3. Strengths and limitations of assessment methods 2. Importance of involving learners in the assessment process 3. Evaluation of involving learners in the assessment process 4. The role of peer and self-assessment in the assessment process 3. Requirements for keeping records of assessment in lifelong learning 1. Reasons to keep records of assessment of learning 3.2 Summary of requirements for keeping records Reference: 1. Gravells, A. (2012) Preparing to Teach in Lifelong Learning Sector, 5th ed, London, Learning Matters/SAGE 2. Petty, G. (2009) Teaching Today, 4th ed, Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes Ltd 3. Cohen, L. et al (2010) A Guide to Teaching Practice, rev. 5th ed, Oxon, Routledge 4. Cowley, S. (2007) Guerrilla Guide to Teaching, 2nd ed, London, Continuum International Publishing Group 5. http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/assessment 6.

Ecosystems and How They Work Essay

Question 1. The industrialization of the United States began after the civil war and started to peak in the late 19th century as capital equipment and tools were developed. This made the rapid production of more goods for more people possible. This resulted in the expansion of the factory system allowing people to make a living by manufacturing, commerce, trade or finance. Industrialization, urbanization and immigration caused people to move from the village to the city and together with the influx of foreign immigrants, this led to a dramatic growth in urban population (Faulkner, 1924). The increasing density of industry, transportation and housing had negative impacts on both the land and the lives of the urban dwellers such that alongside with the revolution came the problem of pollution in all its forms – air, garbage, water and noise. The factories needed less variable energy production to run the factories thus energy production shifted from the waterwheel to the burning of fossil fuels and fuel oils. At first, the urban industrial centers took pride in black smoke as a symbol of progress and triumph of civilization. With the invention of the automobile and its rise in popularity, their exhaust fumes further exacerbated the already noxious emissions from the factories. These led to a multitude of respiratory ailments. The problem of garbage came with the increasing population. These accumulated faster than they can be collected and disposed. Even the horse-drawn carts utilized for the collection contributed to this problem as the equine waste s created both health hazards and foul odors. Then, the industrial effluents and sewage from were polluting the river systems. The public started to become aware that the environment cannot absorb limitless amounts of waste. By the 1960’s, the threat became too great. During the mid-twentieth century, the focus on environmental concerns was on the conservation of resources such as forest, ranges and water which led to the passage of laws such as the Taylor Grazing Act (1934), Soil Conservation Act (1935) and even the building of the Hoover Dam (formerly known as the Boulder Dam) to provide cheap electric power along with flood control, recreation and soil conservation. In the 1960’s, according to the environmental historian Samuel P. Hays, there was a shift â€Å"in emphasis from resource efficiency to that of quality of life based on beauty, health and permanence†¦ arising out of the social changes and transformation in human values in the post-War years† (cited in Faulkner, 2002). Various private organizations were found, public agencies established and acts passed to address environmental issues. In 1969, there was Friends of the Earth (FOE) which aimed to protect the planet from environmental disaster and to preserve biological, cultural and ethnic diversity. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) made it mandatory for federal agencies to prepare environment impact statement. To regulate the air and water quality, hazard and disposal management, the Environmental Protection Agency was established. In 1970, Earth Day was first promoted to fight environment causes and to oppose environmental degradation which led o the Environmental Movement. In the same year, the U. S. passed the Clean Air Act. Almost two decades later, an agreement by industrialized nations called the Kyoto Protocol was reached to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (Merchant, 2002). The cost of substantially reducing industrial pollution is high but the costs of ignoring it is even higher as it would compromise the sustainability of life itself. Question 2. â€Å"The biosphere is a closed ecological system with finite resources and its equilibrium is maintained by grand-scale recycling† (â€Å"Pollution†, 2004). Fungi and bacteria play major roles in maintaining a balanced ecosystem as they are in essence nature’s recyclers. Some of these processes where they are involved include photosynthesis and respiration, nitrogen fixation and denitrification. When an organic material is decomposed, the atmospheric supply of carbon dioxide is replenished. Carbon dioxide is needed by plants for the photosynthetic process where oxygen is a by-product and released into the atmosphere. Oxygen is essential for human respiration. Plants also need nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus in the form of phosphates in order to flourish. These can be found in the soil. Nitrogen is obtained through nitrification through microbes oxidizing ammonium to form nitrate and nitrate salts. It can also be obtained through bacteria living in the root nodules of legumes. They obtain fee nitrogen from the air, and synthesize or fix it or even just incorporate it into their bodies so when they die, the nitrogen compounds are released. The phosphorous cycle does not include a gaseous state. Instead, phosphates are removed from rocks where it usually occurs and distributed to both the soil and water. The plant absorbs all the nutrients it needs from the soil, produce its own food, releases oxygen, then are eaten by herbivores, who themselves are eaten by carnivores. The phosphates absorbed are returned to the soil through urine and feces as well as from plant and amanimal decomposition. Since the industrial revolution, we have increasingly ignored or altered the natural cycles. The resulting explosion in economic output has come at the cost of the long-term and dangerous depletion of natural capital. By relying on nitrogen fertilizer instead of organic farm wastes, we have reduced the fertility of agricultural lands and created dead zones in our oceans and rivers. Our logging operations and regular use of fossil fuels have increased atmospheric carbon concentrations to very high levels. By diverting or damming our rivers, we’ve dried out seas (or created new ones), changes local weather patterns and disrupted entire ecosystems. Nature will not be able to keep up if the natural cycles are disrupted by high quantities of wastes. We know this simply cannot go on.