Hamlet Essayys

Hamlet Essayys Hamlet Essayys Hamlet – Critical Notes Interest in Drama in created through tension between individuals: One of the most important elements of Hamlet that make it an interesting play is Hamlet’s conflict as a hero – whether he should avenge his father, or simply abandon his quest through philosophical moralizing. The demands of Elizabethan society and even our society would be that one should return an eye for an eye, most of our films and drama support this idea of righteous justice towards someone who has wronged us. Initially Hamlet also communicates this idea through the â€Å"Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder.† of the king. From Hamlet himself, he uses strong emotional language to swear that â€Å"I’ll wipe away all trivial fond records,† â€Å"And thy commandment all alone shall live†, clearly indicating that he knows exactly what is expected of him, and this is his role in the play and his life. What society expects is also shown through the reference to the Chain of Being, through which a false king would lead to the collapse of the natural system. Hamlet describes this in the metaphor, ’tis an unweeded garden, That grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature possess it merely†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Using the garden imagery to show that a false ki ng leads to weeds and other unnatural elements in the world. Thus at least initially, there appears to be no conflict, and Hamlet will merely be a revenge tragedy play. However, the play gets much more interesting when it becomes clear that Hamlet wants nothing to do with revenge, in fact, he is such a philosopher and thinker that he despises what is basically another bout of regicide. The critic Henry Mackenzie agrees with this idea that the play arises from Hamlet’s nature: even the best qualities of his character merely reinforce his inability to cope with the world in which he is placed. Textually, we can see this in the various ways Hamlet forces himself to stop his murder. His doubt, â€Å"[the devil] is very potent with such spirits, I’ll have grounds/More relative than this.† Show he is unwilling to simply go out and be a traditional avenger. Furthermore, his continues this idea of him trying to escape fate, â€Å"Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell, Must, like a whore, unpack my heart with words,† shows that society â€Å"heaven and hell† prompt him to go and murder his uncle, but he refuses to simpl y be a whore of fate – he is going to forge his own destiny. This conflict as a central element in the play can also be seen in Hamlet’s polar opposite. Laertes have his father killed, but gives no two lines about wanting to kill Hamlet – and straight away he dies in the attempt – his demand for â€Å"[daring] damnation to be most thoroughly revenged for [his] father.† not only ends his life, but draws Hamlet’s avoidance of his fate to an end, and ends up with all involved dying, and thus formatting the tragedy. Another way that Shakespeare shows the conflict between society and the individual is through the play within a play dynamic of Hamlet. As a Avenger play, Hamlet is the tragic hero doomed to avenge his father. However, Hamlet as an individual refuses to, and this conflict, the putting off of the murder, is what makes the play philosophical and enjoyable. Unwilling Hero / Fate / Fight against Fate Both arguments are explored with excellent textual integrity by Shakespeare through a multi perspective approach of the conflict between individual and society. Again, the concept of fate here is central – Hamlet is fated to get revenge, even if it costs him his life. His own self doubt in berating his own inaction such as â€Å"How stand I then, That have a father kill’d, a mother stain’d And let all sleep?† Uses rhetorical questions to demonstrate the conflict in his heart. However contrary to popular belief, the Elizabethan perceptions of revenge had shifted from the Old Testament ‘an eye for an eye’ stance, to the New Testament perspective on revenge, ‘Vengeance is mine sayeth the Lord’, so it is arguable that

Grapes of Wrath Quotes

Grapes of Wrath Quotes The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by Nobel-Prize winning author John Steinbeck that is considered a classic piece of American literature. Published in 1939, the plot centers around the Joads, a family of sharecroppers, who journey to California seeking a new life as they attempt to escape the devasting effects of the Oklahoma Dust Bowl and The Great Depression. Selected Quotes from The Grapes of Wrath Houses were shut tight, and cloth wedged around doors and windows, but the dust came in so thinly that it could not be seen in the air, and it settled like pollen on the chairs and tables, on the dishes. Before I knowed it, I was sayin out loud, The hell with it! There aint no sin and there aint no virtue. Theres just stuff people do. Its all part of the same thing.... I says, Whats this call, this sperit? An I says, Its love. I love people so much Im fit to bust, sometimes.... I figgered, Why do we got to hang it on God or Jesus? Maybe, I figgered, maybe its all men an all women we love; maybe thats the Holy Sperit-the human sperit-the whole shebang. Maybe all men got one big soul everbodys a part of. Now I sat there thinkin it, an all of a sudden- I knew it. I knew it so deep down that it was true, and I still know it. They breathe profits; they eat the interest on money. If they dont get it, they die the way you die without air, without side-meat. The bank is something more than men, I tell you. Its the monster. Men made it, but they cant control it. I got thinkin how we was holy when we was one thing, an mankin was holy when it was one thing. An it ony got unholy when one misable little fella got the bit in his teeth an run off his own way, kickin an draggin an fightin. Fella like that bust the holi-ness. But when theyre all workin together, not one fella for another fella, but one fella kind of harnessed to the whole shebang- thats right, thats holy. It aint that big. The whole United States aint that big. It aint that big. It aint big enough. There aint room enough for you an me, for your kind an my kind, for rich and poor together all in one country, for thieves and honest men. For hunger and fat. Man, unlike any other thing organic or inorganic in the universe, grows beyond his work, walks up the stairs of his concepts, emerges ahead of his accomplishments. Fear the time when the strikes stop while the great owners live- for every little beaten strike is proof that the step is being taken... fear the time when Manself will not suffer and die for a concept, for this one quality is the foundation of Manself, and this one quality is man, distinctive in the universe. Is a tractor bad? Is the power that turns the long furrows wrong? If this tractor were ours, it would be good- not mine, but ours. We could love that tractor then as we have loved this land when it was ours. But this tractor does two things- it turns the land and turns us off the land. There is little difference between this tractor and a tank. The people were driven, intimidated, hurt by both. We must think about this. Okie use ta mean you was from Oklahoma. Now it means youre a dirty son-of-a-bitch. Okie means youre scum. Dont mean nothing itself, its the way they say it. I know this... a man got to do what he got to do. Theys a time of change, an when that comes, dyin is a piece of all dyin, and bearin is a piece of all bearin, an bearin an dyin is two pieces of the same thing. An then things aint so lonely anymore. An then a hurt dont hurt so bad. And the great owners, who must lose their land in an upheaval, the great owners with access to history, with eyes to read history and to know the great fact: when property accumulates in too few hands it is taken away. And that companion fact: when a majority of the people are hungry and cold they will take by force what they need. And the little screaming fact that sounds through all history: repression works only to strengthen and knit the repressed. How can you frighten a man whose hunger is not only in his own cramped stomach but in the wretched bellies of his children? You cant scare him- he has known a fear beyond every other. Were Joads. We dont look up to nobody. Grampas grampa, he fit in the Revolution. We was farm people till the debt. And then- them people. They done somepin to us. Ever time they come seemed like they was a-whippin me- all of us. An in Needles, that police. He done somepin to me, made me feel mean. Made me feel ashamed. An now I aint ashamed. These folks is our folks- is our folks. An that manager, he come an set an drank coffee, an he says, Mrs. Joad this, an Mrs. Joad that- an How you getting on, Mrs. Joad? She stopped and sighed. Why, I feel like people again. The migrant people, scuttling for work, scrabbling to live, looked always for pleasure, dug for pleasure, manufactured pleasure, and they were hungry for amusement. In the souls of the people, the grapes of wrath are filling and growing heavy, growing heavy for the vintage. Says one time he went out in the wilderness to find his own soul, an he foun he didnt have no soul that was hisn. Says he foun he jus got a little piece of a great big soul. Says a wilderness aint no good, cause his little piece of a soul wasnt no good less it was with the rest, an was whole. Whenever theys a fight so hungry people can eat, Ill be there. Whenever theys a cop beatin up a guy, Ill be there... Ill be in the way guys yell when theyre mad an Ill be in the way kids laugh when theyre hungry an they know suppers ready. An when our folks eat the stuff they raise an live in the houses they build- why, Ill be there.

Marketing plan of Aberdeen Beach Regeneration Essay

Marketing plan of Aberdeen Beach Regeneration - Essay Example 3 1.0: Background Analysis and Assumptions 4 1.1: Background Analysis 4 1.2: Assumptions 4 2.0: Marketing Objectives and Strategies 6 2.1: Marketing Objectives 6 3.0: Alternative Plans and Mixes 8 4.0: Budget 10 5.0: Implementation Programme 11 References 13 Executive Summary This paper carries out a background analysis to provide assumptions for a market plan for the regeneration of Aberdeen Beach. The paper explains the marketing objectives and strategies of the regeneration of Aberdeen Beach market plan. Alternative plans and mixes are explained, in detail, to predetermine the budget requirements of the market plan. After drawing the market plan budget for the regeneration of Aberdeen Beach, a detailed implementation programme for the market plan is provided, at the end. 1.0: Background Analysis and Assumptions 1.1: Background Analysis Aberdeen Beach is endowed with abundant capital and a good regional market. Also, the regional market for Aberdeen Beach is ideal for market segmen tation. With a good city image and heightened technology, Aberdeen Beach is capable of occupying the market share rapidly. For instance, there are few amusement parks and large shopping centres within Aberdeen. Therefore, market penetration and acquisition of a significant market share is highly attainable. There is an opportunity of opening a new tourist market in Aberdeen Beach, and utilizing new investors who are available. However, building a large market centre and an amusement park for Aberdeen Beach is a time consuming project that requires long-term investment and collection of funds for that purpose. In addition, the project may be adversely affected by a change in customer preferences and slow market growth. Changes in industry policy and economic recession are potential threats to the regeneration of the marketing plan for Aberdeen Beach. Based on the marketing audit and the SWOT analysis for Aberdeen Beach, some assumptions have been made so as to be able to address sign ificant issues in the formulation of a supreme marketing plan for Aberdeen Beach. While drawing these assumptions, capabilities and the potential of achieving success in marketing for Aberdeen Beach have been taken into consideration. 1.2: Assumptions In the development of a market plan for the regeneration of Aberdeen Beach, assumptions that will enable the organisation achieve its objectives have been made. Through these assumptions, specific, measurable, achievable and time bound objectives for the regeneration of Aberdeen Beach have been developed. The first assumption involves the number of tourists. It is expected that the number or volume of tourists will increase by 10% every year. Therefore, in the first year, there will be a ten percent (10%) increase in the number of tourists who will visit the Aberdeen Beach. Secondly, it assumed that profits that will be earned from tickets will be considerable during summer, and revenue is expected to increase by 15% because there will be many people who would want to use the facilities within the Aberdeen Beach and pay for them. Currently, car parking at Aberdeen Beach is free. With an increase in the number of visitors, it is expected that a car parking fee will be introduced. Finally, through proper targeting, it is expected that 36% of the market share will be acquired by introducing an amusement park and a high-level bazaar in Aberdeen

Advertising Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Advertising Analysis - Essay Example Technical effects are aimed at adding value to the adverts. These include: Sound effects add value to the products, thus giving them emotion. Close-ups give emphasis. Lighting is used to attract viewers’ attention to certain details. Accessories such as models, props and clothes used alongside the products improve them. Editing is focused on generating and pacing excitement; most products are marketed using three primary emotions: humor, sex and fear. These emotions should be independent on intellectual analysis. Unique effects bring inanimate things into life, thus making them exciting. This feature is usually prevalent in children-targeted ads. Camera angles add value to perspectives. For instance, low angles often give the product or subject power; and popular songs and music provide pneumonic devices to ads, and trigger observer’s memory (Berger 14). Common attention –getting hooks are aimed at attracting viewers’ attentions. They include humor, symbol s, repetition, fear, sex, flattering, big lies, macho, femininity, ordinary people, famous people, hype, testimonials, cute and vague promises (Berger 17). These are described as follows: Humor is commonly used since it makes the observers more attentive and memorable. Symbols such as crosses and flags are easily recognizable elements that generate powerful emotions. Repetition is used to repeat sales pitch over and over again. Fear messages are focused on addressing observers’ insecurities. It is one of the commonly used techniques since extra attention is needed to resist these messages. And sex often sells without exception. Cute images and people always add value to the show, especially in cartoon and family programs. Most adverts feature celebrities giving testimonials why certain products are recommendable. This is because people respect products endorsed by celebrities such as Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods. Famous people like Tiger Woods make products attractive and a ppealing through associations. Ads that target family or community such as Wal-Mart use ordinary people in their shows. Femininity is a gender stereotype that is commonly used in a variety of products like alcohol ads and make-up commercials. Macho is commonly used in adverts that target male community, but not exclusively. It represents male stereotype and masculinity. Such ads include tobacco and military adverts. Exotic is the appeal of the other option. It maybe a tribal person, mountain location, beach location, or something unfamiliar or strange. Film effects, music, fashion and images depicting a certain period in history are focused to represent demographic featured in the advert. This may include pop and classic rock music (Berger 34). Culture is a feature that is essential when designing an advert. An advert should be designed in accordance to specific ethnic groups. For example, Latino-targeted adverts may include particular uses of language or family scenes (Berger 34). There are two key analytical frameworks used to describe adverts and other visuals. These are content analysis and semiotic analysis. The two techniques are not often used when analyzing an ad because they both originate from different ideological stances (Berger 41). Active interpretation is primarily concerned with the act of interpretation. From this, the meaning of the advert is obtained from the process of interpretation, but not from the content of the advert. Such adverts are designed to bring the viewers to a common understanding. There is also diversity of interpretation method, which focuses on the different views presented by the viewers regarding the same advert. This method takes into account factors such as ethnicity, age, class and

Canadian Economy, Labor, And The Global World Essay Example for Free

Canadian Economy, Labor, And The Global World Essay The Federal Open Market Committee report indicates a decline in output and employment. Household spending has been increasing gradually though there have been several constraints such as high unemployment rates, tight credit, and slight income growth. The United States is the biggest trading partner to Canada and economic slumps within the American economy affect the Canadian economy negatively as well. Such a decline in output will affect the Canadian economy since a decline in goods that Canada obtains from the United States will mean the country will lack them and have to find other countries to trade with. In addition, the low output will result in American businesses importing less goods from Canada that they use in the process of producing their goods. The high unemployment will affect Canadian labor based on the large number of Canadians who work in the United States. During an economic recession as this one most foreign workers lack unemployment in other countries as governments give first priority to their domestic workers first. As such, American nationals would be considered first during employment exercises while the Canadians will be left out and stay unemployed until the economy is seen to have recovered. The role of the state in a global world The worlds today is a global one with people from different countries, social backgrounds and cultures interacting on a daily basis. States are part of these interactions as well as they encompass the geographical boundaries that divide our continents into smaller units. States exist as a result of a host of reasons such as political, historical, economic, social, cultural and militaristic. States form different corners of the world are carrying out trade with one another as a result of the growth of the idea of competitive advantage that allows countries to export what they have in abundance and import what they lack. Apart from trade, there are numerous organizations and agreements around the world that have brought numerous countries together in pursuit of common goals so as to create a modern world that is safe and productive to live in. As such, a state has to find a way to effectively take part in such a global world despite having its own independent political, social, cultural, and corporate way of doing things. This requires states to come up with policies that will enable them to actively take part within the global world without compromising their independence (Plattner, 2002). This creates the need for due attention to the theoretical rationales of the state’s formation that ensure that the state remains pertinent in the global world. This is in line with the fact that domestic policies can not be made to treat the economy as a closed entity but need to consider the implications and counterbalancing effects that arise from globalization. The state has a role in the global world that is aimed at legislating its policies that protect its domestic market as well as give opportunity for its country’s participation in globalization. Labor unions in a global world Globalization has grown over the years and has now become an important part of our corporate and social lives. Labor is one of the institutions that have been greatly affected by globalization as businesses and institutions are now able to employ individuals from anywhere in the world as far as they have the required skills and knowledge needed for the job. With the growth of capitalism and international trade, most companies realized the only way to stay in business and continue making huge profits was to cut down on overall expenses and labor costs were one of the expenses cut. The growth of globalization has also lead to the development of outsourcing where businesses have some of the operations carried out by other institutions that are specialized in that field and therefore do not have to employ people to carry out those jobs internally. Most businesses are opening factories in foreign markets that have cheaper labor such as China and Indonesia. As such, labor unions have responded in order to protect their domestic workers from the increasing amount of unemployment that could result from the employment of foreign workers who could be asking for lower wages and salaries as compared to the domestic workers. Labor unions have responded to globalization by engaging in several strategies that limit the negative effects of globalization on labor. One such strategy has been the opposition towards free trade initiatives and agreements involving several countries. One such agreement has been the North American Free Trade Agreement by asking for there to be provisions within the agreement for the inclusion of a charter that would entail a number of labor principles that would be put into effect and enforced by both domestic and international courts. Secondly, labor unions have began to organize regional as well as international organizations that seek to harmonize the labor needs of their members. This is the case especially for multinational companies that operate in several countries where unions facilitate workers from the different factories in the various countries to be able to have collective bargaining of their needs (Herod, 2002). Thirdly, labor unions have been involved in the process of developing labor regulations that are incorporated in most business codes of conduct. Due to the possibility of business including legally correct phrases that could be detrimental to workers when effected and which would affect workers negatively. By have access to the policy formulation stage, unions are able to prevent the inclusion of such codes and policies that would end up leaving workers at a disadvantaged position. How the federal government responded to growing labor militancy The onset of the depression found the provincial as well as municipal governments in debt following expansion in infrastructure. This was at a time when Mackenzie was the prime minister and he held the belief that the crisis would pass thus failed to provide aid to the provinces. The federal government was reluctant in making efforts of reviving the economy that followed the depression (Robert, 2009). After the depression the government started a relief plan faced with mounting pressure from World War 1 veterans who demanded to be protected from poverty that was known as the New Deal The federal government under R. B Bennett campaigned on high tariffs as well as large scale spending. The federal government also increased welfare and assistance programs as well as programs intended to increase work opportunities. This was a move that led the federal government to more deficit (Neatby, 1963). This worsened the situation based on the fact that it caused a great number of government employees to loose their jobs as well as the cancelation of many public works projects that were underway. The federal government had a burden of the Canadian National Railway that had been highly affected by the depression. The government has as well taken over a number of railways that were bankrupt and out-of-date over the period of the world war. This increased the debt that the government had to a massive sum that was hard to be repaid at the time based on the hard financial time that the nation faced. The decrease in trade had made the Canadian National Railway to loose substantial amounts of funds a crisis that had been worsened by the depression. This created a burden for the federal government on the basis that it had to bail out the CNR baring in mind that the government was as well facing other debts. The failure of the federal government to revive the economy led to its defeat by the liberal party. The future for Keynesian economics Keynesian economics is struggling as it seems to have a dimming future. Since the 1970s when Keynesian economics faced a significant decline due to its failure as a result of the resultant high inflation rates and economic recessions, there has been an emergence of monetarism. In the 1980s, classical as well as supply-side economics have increasingly challenged the appropriateness of Keynesian economics further (Rousseas, 1986). As a result, Keynesian economists have responded to this decline and have created new schools of thought based on early Keynesian economics. These are †¢ The neoclassical Keynesianism †¢ The post-Keynesianism †¢ The new Keynesianism All these school of thoughts have emerged mainly as a response to the criticisms that new classical economists have raised against Keynesian economics (Gordon, 1990). Due to the focus on the demand side, Keynesian economics has proved to be important especially during economic revival after recessions as was witnessed after the recent 2008-2009 global recession where most affected countries engaged in Keynesian economics by providing economic stimulus packages aimed at reviving the economy again. This is based on the Keynesian view that markets usually lack a mechanism to self correct themselves and therefore government interventions are required to restore the economy once again. References Gordon, R. J. (1990). â€Å"What Is New-Keynesian Economics? † Journal of Economic Literature 28, no. 3 1115–1171. Herod, A. (2002). â€Å"Organizing globally, organizing locally: union spatial strategy in a global economy. † In Harrod, J. Robert, O. Global Unions? Theory and Strategies of organized labor in the global political economy. London: Routledge. Neatby, H. B. (1963). William Lyon Mackenzie King, 1924-1932: The Lonely Heights. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Plattner, M. (2002). â€Å"Globalization and Self-Government†, Journal of Democracy 13(3): 54-67. Robert, L. (2009). The Workplace and Economic Crisis: Canadian Textile Firms, 1929-1935, Enterprise and Society, Vol. 10 Issue 3, pp 498-528. Rousseas, S. (1986). Post-Keynesian Monetary Economics. London: Macmillan.

Alternative Energy Vehicles Essay example -- Exploratory Essays Resear

Alternative Energy Vehicles Interested in alternative-energy driven cars? Here is a brief synopsis of the existing technologies, some of the problems surrounding each of them, and suggestions for further reading. There is no question that pollution from automobiles is a major problem in industrialized countries and is increasing in developing nations. And the number of cars is increasingly rapidly: in the United States, the automobile population has increased 6X faster than the human population and 2X faster than the number of new drivers (Motavelli, 2000). At the same time, the average fuel economy of the 2001 fleet decreased to 20.4 miles per gallon, the same it was in 1980. This decrease is fueled by the growing trend in inefficient SUVs. As over 50% of the USA’s oil comes from overseas, the dangerous level of waste promoted by inefficient vehicles makes this more than simply an environmental issue. What are some of the long-term renewable solutions to the political and environmental dangers that pollution and inefficiency pose? Battery-powered vehicles. There are several electric car models on the market in the making. As of now, their economic viability is restrained by the relatively short distance that can be traveled between recharging and their lower-than-average maximum speeds. Considering the advantages that standard cars have over battery-powered cars, there is little economic incentive to buy battery-powered cars, but their environmental benefits are enormous. Although it requires factory pollution to create the electricity necessary to charge the vehicles, it would take 13 electrical cars to equal the emissions produced by one standard car (Motavelli, 2000). Research is continuing to make battery-pow... ...t cars. Suggestions for further readings: Borroni-Bird, Christopher E. Designing AUTOnomy. http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=00034FE5-BA99-1D80-90FB809EC580000. 2002. California Air Resources Board. Major Automotive Fuel Cell Programs http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/fuelcell/kalhammer/techreport/sec3_3.pdf. 2002 Fantes, Francisco. Solar Hydrogen Energy: Mining the Oceans for the Holy Grail. Harvard Science Review, winter 2002. Hubler, Shawn, Chalk One Up for Hybrids. Http://www.calendarlive.com/printedition/calendar/cl_et_hubler26mar26.story. 2002. Motavelli, Jim. Forward Drive : The Race to Build â€Å"Clean† Cars for the Future. San Francisco : Sierra Club Books, 2000 Nice, Karim. How Hybrid Cars Work. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/hybrid_car.htm 2002. Sierra Club, Energy Fact Sheet. Http://www.sieraclub.org/energy/factsheet.asp 2001

Terminal Data Capability

Terminal Data Capability [What is it? ] – Generally, It is a data element that stores information particularly on terminal that can be individually addressed by tag ID. Data element resident in the terminal shall be under control of one of the following parties:†¢ Terminal manufacturer: For example, IFD Serial Number†¢ Acquirer/Agent: For example, Merchant Category Code†¢ Merchant: For example, Local Date and Local Time (these may be controlled by either merchant or acquirer)Terminal should be constructed in such a way that data which is under control of acquirer is only initialised and updated by the acquirer (or its agent).[Types] 1. Application Independent[1] Data:†¢ Terminal related data†¢ Transaction related data -Unique to terminal. -Shall have parameters initialised so that it can identify what language(s) supported to process the card’s language preference.2. Application Dependent[2] Data: [Characteristic] – A terminal data shall be initialized in the terminal or obtainable at the time of a transaction. A terminal data can be of any format: alphabetic, numeric to binary. – Some terminal data serves as a constant whereas the rest is updatable. – Each terminal data has its own functionality and usage which facilitates an EMV transaction. – The dependency of the terminal data in application indicates how data management is done in terminal. – During the transaction, the terminal shall ignore any data object coming from the ICC which is terminal-sourced or issuer-sourced. [How it involved in EMV] Transaction (Exchange/Supply Data to ICC) Counter Record (updatable) ComparableReference Notes: Terminal data element, ICC data element, Issuer data element, EMV function. [Counter] [Record] Cardholder Verification Method (CVM) Results: – Being set/updated upon Cardholder Verification completion. [P102B3] – Consists of 3 bytes: CVM Performed, CVM Condition, and CVM Result. †“ There are 5 applicable CVMs in Cardholder Verification: Online PIN, Offline PIN, Signature, No CMV Required, and Combo CVM (2 CVM combination). – After a successful CVM, CVM Results reflect the successful CVM; an unsuccessful CVM, CVM Results reflect the unsuccessful CVM. Byte 3 of CVM Results is set to ‘successful’, IFF: i. Applicable CVM is ‘No CVM required’, and terminal supports it. ii. Offline PIN verification by the ICC is successful. – Byte 3 of CVM Results is set to ‘unknown’, IFF: i. Applicable CVM is ‘Signature’, and terminal supports it. ii. Online PIN verification is successful. – Byte 3 of CVM Results is set to ‘failed’, IFF: i. Previous applicable CVM is failed, and succeeding (last) application CVM failed as well. – Byte 1 and byte 2 of CVM Results indicate method and condition of the last performed CVM throughout CMV List.In addition, byte 2 is set to ‘00’ (N o meaning) IFF byte 1 is ‘3F’ (No CVM performed). – Table 2: shows all the possible failed/unknown CVM Results. [P49P121B4] Terminal Verification Result (TVR) Initialized to 0: Initiate Application Processing Function: Offline Data Authentication, Processing Restrictions, Cardholder Verification, Terminal Risk Management, Online Processing, Issuer-to-Card Script Processing. Use in analysis: Terminal Action Analysis. Description: Status of different function as seen from terminal. Diagram: [P165B4], TVR bytes breakdown: TVR byte |EMV Function |Status jotted on bits |When will it be set | | | |RFU |Reserved for future use | | | | | | | | | | | |1 |Offline Data | | | | |Authentication | | | | | |RFU | | | | |CDA failed |If CDA is performed but unsuccessful. [P44B4] | | | |DDA failed |If DDA is performed but unsuccessful. | | | |Card appears on terminal exception (set at Terminal Risk |If a match on presence card (Application PAN and Application PAN | | | |Management ) |Sequence Number) is found in the exception file. | | |ICC data missing (Can be set at any function) |When an optional data object that is required because of the | | | | |existence of other data objects or that is required to support | | | | |functions that must be performed (AIP) is missing. | | | |SDA failed |If SDA is performed but unsuccessful. | | | |Offline Data Authentication was not performed |If neither SDA nor DDA nor CDA is performed. | | |RFU | | | | | |Reserved for future use | |2 | | | | | |Processing Restriction | | | | | |RFU | | | | |RFU | | | | |New Card (set at Terminal Risk Management) |If Last Online ATC Register == 0. [P113B3] | | | Requested service not allowed for card product |If all test against Issuer Country Code and Terminal Country Code | | | | |fail. [T32B4] | | | |Application not yet effective |If Transaction Date > Application Effective Date | | | |Expired application |If Transaction Date > Application Expiration Date | | | |ICC and terminal have different application versions |If AVN in ICC ? AVN in Terminal. | | |RFU |Reserved for future use | | | | | | |3 | | | | | |Cardholder Verification| | | | | |RFU | | | | |Online PIN entered |If online PIN is successfully entered. | | | |PIN entry required, PIN pad present, but PIN was not entered |If CVM is online/offline PIN, but bypassed by terminal in the | | | | |direction of merchant or cardholder. | | |PIN entry required and PIN pad not present or not working |If CVM is online/offline PIN, but neither of them were supported | | | | |by terminal or malfunctioned PIN pad. | | | |PIN Try Limit exceeded |If PIN Try Counter < 1. | | | |Unrecognised CVM |If CVM is not recognized by terminal. | | | |Cardholder Verification was not successful |If CVM List is exhausted without any successful case or applicable| | | | |CVM indicates ‘Fail CVM Processing’. | | |RFU | | | | | |Reserved for future use | |4 | | | | | |Terminal Risk | | | | |Management | | | | | |RFU | | | | |R FU | | | | |Merchant forced transaction online |An attended terminal may allow an attendant to force a transaction| | | | |online, such as in a situation where the attendant is suspicious | | | | |of the cardholder. If this function is performed, it should occur | | | | |at the beginning of the transaction. | | |Transaction selected randomly for Online Processing | | | | |Upper Consecutive Offline Limit exceeded |If ATC ? Last Online ATC Register (Precautious) or | | | | |If (ATC – Last Online ATC Register) > Upper Consecutive Offline | | | | |Limit. [P113B3] | | | |Lower Consecutive Offline Limit exceeded |If ATC ?Last Online ATC Register (Precautious) or | | | | |If (ATC – Last Online ATC Register) > Lower Consecutive Offline | | | | |Limit. [P113B3] | | | |Transaction exceeds floor limit |If (Amount, Authorize + Amount stored in log) > Terminal Floor | | | | |Limit. Or if (Amount, Authorize) > appropriate Terminal Floor | | | | |Limit. P111B3] | | | |RFU | | | | | | Reserved for future use | |5 | | | | | | |RFU | | | | |RFU | | | | |RFU | | | |Script Processing |Script Processing failed after final GENERATE AC |If an error occurred while ICC processing Issuer Script Template | | | | |1. | | | |Script Processing failed before final GENERATE AC |If an error occurred while ICC processing Issuer Script Template | | | | |2. | |Online Processing |Issuer authentication failed |When Issuer Authentication Data (part of authorisation response | | | | |message) from Issuer sent to ICC via EXTERNAL AUTHENTICATE/ second| | | | |GENERATE AC command failed, i. e. (SW1 SW2)! = 9090. [P120B3] | | | |Default TDOL used |If TDOL in ICC not presented and Default TDOL in terminal is used | | | | |to generate TC Hash Value. | Transaction Status Information (TSI) Initialized to 0: Initiate Application Processing Function: Offline Data Authentication, Cardholder Verification, Terminal Risk Management, Card Action Analysis, Online Processing, Issuer-to-Card Script Proce ssing. TSI byte |EMV Function |Status jotted on bits |When will it be set | | | |RFU |Reserved for future use | | | | | | | | | | | |1 | | | | | | |RFU | | | | |Script Processing was performed |If CDA is performed but unsuccessful. P44B4] | | | |Terminal Risk Management was performed |If DDA is performed but unsuccessful. | | | |Issuer Authentication was performed |If | | | |Card Risk Management was performed |When an | | | |Cardholder Verification was performed |If SDA is performed but unsuccessful. | | | |Offline Data Authentication was performed |If neither SDA nor DDA nor CDA is performed. | | |RFU | | | | | |Reserved for future use | |2 | | | | | | |RFU | | | | |RFU | | | | |New Card (set at Terminal Risk Management) |If Last Online ATC Register == 0. [P113B3] | | | |Requested service not allowed for card product |If all test against Issuer Country Code and Terminal Country Code | | | | |fail. T32B4] | | | |Application not yet effective |If Transaction Date > Application Effect ive Date | | | |Expired application |If Transaction Date > Application Expiration Date | | | |ICC and terminal have different application versions |If AVN in ICC ? AVN in Terminal. | [Comparable] [Reference] Array {What is it? } In data storage, an array is a method for storing information on multiple devices. In general, an array is a number of items arranged in some specified way – for example, in a list of in a three-dimensional table.In computer programming languages, an array is a group of objects with the same attributes that can be addressed individually, using such techniques as subscripting. An array is a collection of similar elements, must have the same data type. In random access memory (RAM), an array is the arrangement of memory cells. {Characteristic} You need an index to locate their value. The index starts from 0 and end with the length – 1. Data in array must be in same data type. {What is its implementation? } List, queue, stack, link list. —à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [1] No matter what application is selected, its data will not be affected. [2] If an application changed, its value changed as well. ———————–Data Authentication Terminal Action Analysis Terminal Risk Management Read Application Data Online/ Offline Decision Processing Restriction ‘()34*[pic]hK? hAKyjhK? 0J;*[pic]U[pic]hY}_hY}_;*[pic]h;q;*[pic] h;qh;qh:[5? CJaJhm†¡Initiate Application Completion Script Processing Online processing & Authorization message request Card Action Analysis Cardholder Verification Data Authentication Terminal Action Analysis Terminal Risk Management Read Application Data Online/ Offline Decision Processing Restriction Initiate Application Completion Script Processing Online processing & Authorization message request Card Action Analysis Cardholder Verification

Natural Disasters Essay

There is certain order in the world. The planets move in their orbit around the sun. The disasters which occur naturally are known as natural disasters. There are infinite natural disasters. Some of them are landslides, floods and volcanic eruptions. By taking the example of planets orbiting around the sun, the question rises that how do these devastating disasters occur? Floods occur in those areas which are closer to seas. Due to heavy rain, the sea water increases and spills out over the area with speed and destroying everything. Flash floods are another example of floods which occur suddenly. All the land and fertile soil is destroyed. Landslides occur in mountains. They occur by a number of reasons in which earthquake is the main reason. It causes the mountainous slopes to weaken the saturated soil which run down the hill and kills every thing in the way. It blocks the way for people to travel. Volcanoes are fractured structured located on the crust which fall within the mass of the definition of planet. The earth allows hot lava to escape from the magma which is below the surface. This occurs when the earth’s crust breaks in some major parts. Erupting volcanoes cause many hazards such as volcanic ash, which is a threat to aircraft, mainly in jet engines where ash particles are melted due to high temperature. This destroys the turbine blades. After a lot of research it is still not known how volcanic eruption can be prevented. Researchers have stopped looking for prevention of volcanic eruptions.Man’s defences are too weak in comparison to nature. It is often expected that natural disasters are nature’s way of keeping human population in check. Are any of these disasters caused by man Man is not the cause of volacanic eruptions, but he plays a role in weather related disasters as floods. Everyone knows that weather is being affected by clearing of forests on earth. This is within our control. Hence some disasters can be controlled. All we have to do is to hope for a day to come when we could control all  natural disasters. Till then we have to remain at the mercy of nature.

Your checklist for establishing salary ranges

Your checklist for establishing salary ranges Outwardly, your company probably has a standard line when it comes to describing employee salaries- something along the lines of â€Å"salary commensurate with performance and experience,† perhaps. Internally, it’s essential to have a close eye on what you’re paying particular employees, whether this aligns with industry standards, and what a particular position is worth to your company. Establishing pay ranges or set salary boundaries is essential to getting a handle on this information and managing salary moving forward. Let’s look at how you can approach the task for your company.Determine the value of each position within your organization.It would be nice to think that you can’t put a dollar number on an employee’s worth, but†¦the accountants beg to differ. This isn’t personal to whomever holds the job. Each position within your company has, realistically, a minimum and maximum value. Figuring out that value depends first on determining what the market value is for a given position. Your jobs may not match other companies’ jobs 1:1, but matching approximate job duties and levels of seniority can give you a pretty good idea of what others are paying for similar work. Sites like PayScale offer glimpses into position salaries, but the U.S. Department of Labor Statistics can really be your gold standard of salary data.Re-evaluate current employees.This is likely the most painful part of the process because it could uncover some uncomfortable realities. Are your current employees making salaries in line with their market value? If they’re making less, this is a relatively easy fix- you can increase base salary until it’s aligned. If they’re making more, it’s tougher. Cutting someone’s pay is going to negatively affect morale and employee engagement. What you can do is determine that a particular employee won’t be eligible for base pay increases, but rather bon uses or other compensation.Review and rank all the jobs in your organization.By figuring out the most essential jobs in your organization and assigning value based on seniority, job complexity, education required, training necessary, and other aspects, you can start establishing a hierarchy of salary ranges.Review your job descriptions.Once you start considering the relative value of each position, it’s important to make sure that your recruitment materials are realistic. Are your job descriptions reflective of the actual job? If you’re going to assign a specific value range to a position based on the job tasks, experience and skills necessary, etc., then you’ll be able to manage the salary process better, and earlier in the process.hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});Determine the specific ranges.Once you’ve gone through the work of assigning relative value to each position in your company, it’s time to start attach ing real numbers to each position. A salary range should have a minimum, a midpoint, and a maximum. Most salary ranges are 30-40% apart, from minimum to maximum.Communicate your salary philosophy.Then, after you’ve established ranges throughout your company, it’s important to be clear about what the salary expectations are for each role. This doesn’t mean publishing the specific dollar ranges (given the confidentiality of individual employees’ salary information), but employees should know if you’re planning to compensate them with bonuses instead of base pay increases, or how you determine base bay raises. If employees are totally in the dark about how salaries are determined and why, it leaves the door open for negativity and speculation. It can also help you in disputes over employee pay, if the salary philosophy and methodology is at least somewhat transparent.Don’t get complacent.Keep monitoring your ranges, perhaps auditing them annual ly, to make sure that your salary ranges are keeping pace with the market standards.Setting salary ranges makes your organization run more efficiently when it comes to hiring, developing existing talent, and adhering to financial best practices. It’s also a way to make sure you have a strong handle on what’s going on at every level your organization, and to inform how you can continue to meet organizational goals while supporting employees in a data-driven way.

State Names and Abbreviations

State Names and Abbreviations State Names and Abbreviations State Names and Abbreviations By Mark Nichol How should you treat references to states? The form depends on which style guide you adhere to and why the state is being referenced. Details about how to refer to states follow. The Chicago Manual of Style and The Associated Press Stylebook agree on one thing: When referring to a state on its own, spell the state name out (â€Å"California became a state in 1850†). However, when referring to a city and the state in which it is located, although Chicago recommends retaining the spelled-out version of the state name (â€Å"San Diego, California†), AP style calls for abbreviating the state name (â€Å"San Diego, Calif.†) if it consists of more than six letters. (Chicago also has abbreviations if you insist, but they don’t always match AP’s style.) The AP style abbreviations arbitrarily range in length from two to six letters, and all two-word names are abbreviated with the initials, such as N.Y. for â€Å"New York† with the exception of West Virginia’s abbreviation, which for some reason is rendered W.Va. (Note that AP style omits state names for a specified list of cities considered familiar enough that the state in which they are located need not be mentioned.) In headlines, the periods are omitted. However, when giving an address, or in tables or other uses in which space is limited, use the US Postal Service’s symbol system, which consists of a two-letter abbreviation in which both letters are always capitalized and no periods are used (for example, NY for â€Å"New York†). Other style handbooks have their own guidelines, so, if you are writing or editing for a particularly company as a staff member or a freelancer, determine which resource is considered the authority on state abbreviation. Note, too, that abbreviation of country names is rare and not recommended. US and UK are frequently used as nouns in informal contexts, but the names should be spelled out except as adjectives â€Å"the US response,† for example, or â€Å"the UK’s role† and Chicago recommends omitting periods in these cases, as is advised for all capitalized abbreviations. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101English Grammar 101: Verb Mood30 Words for Small Amounts

What role did popular music play in the American civil rights movement Essay

What role did popular music play in the American civil rights movement Your answer should include at least two case studies which connect musicians to particular historical events of the 1950s or 1960s - Essay Example It will be vital to mention that the Civil Rights Movement, which took place during the time of 1960’s, was more closely related to music as compared to other American based social movements held in the stated period. In this similar context, it can be apparently observed that certain prisoners sung freedom songs for keeping up their spirits in gaining national freedom. Apart from this, various folksingers, including blacks as well as whites, wrote songs about various themes related to the Civil Rights Movement. These themes were ascertained to be pains, paradoxes and racist activities among others. Thus, with this concern, it can be affirmed that the connection of music with the Civil Rights Movement is much apparent during the episode of 1960’s (RRAS, n.d.). In relation to the above context, the essay intends to discuss and analyse the role that popular music played in the American Civil Rights Movement. In the circumstance of explaining the role played by popular music in the American Civil Rights Movement, certain popular music genres in the period of 1960’s were found to exist. In this similar context, the popular music genres that persisted during the period of 1960’s were Acapella, Motown/R&B, British Invasion, Roots Rock and Hard Rock, Folk Rock and Protest Music and Surf Rock and Psychedelic Rock. The popular music genre of British Invasion comprised certain pop artists as well as rock brands belonging to Britain that presented certain American pop and rock songs. Such artists were reckoned as The Beatles, Donovan, The Animals, The Kinks and Dusty Springfield among others. Specially mentioning, Motown/R&B acted as one of the most popular music genres, which had importance in the Civil Rights Movement. The importance of this particular popular music genre could be determined based on the efforts made by the same in integrating American community during the